All posts by Vikas Chaudhary

List of historical events that had the biggest impact

List of historical events that had the biggest impact

Many historical events have had a strong impact when it comes to shaping our present. The fields and degree of these historical events vary. In this article we some of these important historical events.

The neolithic revolution: historical events

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Imagine a society without towns, cities, boundaries, or regions. Unthinkable, yes? If people had never stopped in pursuit of food and instead began cultivating and rearing their own food, this is how our globe may have appeared.

There is no documentation of the turning points that led to this change (like when people realized that seeds could be planted and how to enrich soils). Undoubtedly, the shift away from wild harvests was gradual, but about 12,000 years ago, the advent of agriculture led to a significant change in how people lived. Permanent settlements and farms were preferred over nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyles because they provided more consistent supplies of food and sustenance.

First city in Mesopotamia: historical events

Paleolithic time was when Mesopotamia was first populated by humans. People in the area were residing in compact villages with round homes by 14,000 B.C. Following the domestication of animals and the advancement of agriculture, particularly irrigation methods that made use of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers’ closeness, these homes eventually gave rise to farming towns five thousand years later.

The dominating Ubaid culture, which had previously assimilated the Halaf culture, was responsible for the advancement of agriculture. These dispersed agrarian settlements began in the northern section of ancient Mesopotamia and moved south, expanding for several thousand years until they formed what modern people would identify as cities, which were thought to be the Sumerian People’s creation.

Roman Gladiator

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An ancient professional fighter known as a “gladiator” specialized in particular weapons and armor styles. From 105 BCE to 404 CE, they engaged in public combat in wildly popular organized games staged in enormous purpose-built arenas all around the Roman Empire.

Gladiators were men who fought to the death for the amusement of others, as is addressed in the “History on Fire” podcast by author and college lecturer Daniele Bolelli on Luminary. According to the episode titled Gladiators in Ancient Rome, the earliest gladiators were slaves who simultaneously served as celebrities and loathed outcasts.

Black death in England: historical events

Imagine the dread that must have gripped the populace of England in 1346 as the plague outbreak spread across the nation. The epidemic, sometimes known as the “Black Death,” decimated towns and villages and killed nearly a fifth of the local population. The primary carriers of the plague were flea-infested rats and individuals who had already contracted the illness on the continent. Rats served as the reservoir hosts for the Y. pestis bacteria, and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector. The disease had a significant impact on society, bringing temporary tranquilly and raising wages for the remaining peasants. It helped bring an end to slavery and serfdom by paving the ground for the peasants’ uprising.

Death of Roman empire

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Caesar led a lone legion across the Rubicon River in 49 BC, setting off a civil war that would eventually bring an end to the Roman Republic. The Triumphant Caesar is a topic that is covered in the History of Rome podcast on Luminary.

The Battle of Pharsalus, which took place on August 9, 48 BC, close to Pharsalus in central Greece, was the turning point in Caesar’s Civil War. A line of battle was drawn up between Pompey’s Roman Republic army and Julius Caesar and his supporters. Victorious from the Civil War, he went back to Rome and started his extensive reform initiatives.

The beginning of the end: historical events

From 176 until his father Marcus Aurelius’ death in 180, and then all by himself until 192, Commodus ruled the Roman emperor. Commodus’ sister poisoned his food, but he threw the poison back up, so the plotters dispatched Narcissus, his wrestling partner, to strangle him in his bathtub.

It’s covered in depth on the Luminary podcast History of Rome. In reality, Buying Power, an episode of the show, discusses Commodus’ rule, his murder, and how it marked the beginning of the end.

He was designated a public enemy by the Senate after his death, and the old names of Rome’s institutions and city were reinstated.

Industrial revolution

Which sped up the industrialization processes that are still happening today. During the Industrial Revolution. Which occurred in Britain, continental Europe. And the United States between roughly 1760 and sometime between 1820 and 1840, new industrial processes were adopted.

This change included moving from manual to mechanical production techniques, developing new techniques for producing chemicals and iron, utilizing steam and water power more extensively, developing machine tools, and expanding the mechanized industrial system.

The rate of population growth also increased at a never-before-seen rate as a result of the Industrial Revolution. During the Industrial Revolution, economies based on agriculture.  New equipment, power sources, and labour arrangements helped existing industries become more productive and effective.

The first vaccine: historical events

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When English physician Edward Jenner found that milkmaids with cowpox were resistant to smallpox in 1796. That is when vaccinations first became popular. When English physician Edward Jenner found that milkmaids with cowpox were resistant to smallpox in 1796. Which is when vaccinations first became popular. In order to attain 80% vaccine coverage in each nation. Mass vaccination drives were first deployed as part of the global eradication effort. Case detection and ring vaccination of all known.  These are very important for existence of human beings.

End of cold war: historical events

The fall of the Berlin Wall was its climax. And one of the most well-known historical occurrences. The wall crumbled during a wave of upheavals that almost brought an end to the Soviet-led communist bloc. And contributed to establish a new global order. 

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Top 10 Most Powerful Armies in Ancient History

Top 10 Most Powerful Armies in Ancient History

From the disciplined phalanxes of Sparta to the unstoppable cavalry of the Mongols, the ancient world witnessed some of the most powerful military forces in history. But which military force in history would be deemed to be the most potent? Was it the ferocity of the Spartans, the numbers of the Persians, or the strategy of Alexander the Great?

In this article, we’ll explore the top strongest armies in the ancient world, examining their size, organization, tactics, and historical impact. These ancient armies of the world left legacies that shaped empires—and the world we know today.

1. The Army of Urik – The Dawn of Warfare

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Era: 4100–2900 BCE
Region: Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq)
Strength: ~4,000 soldiers (5% of population)

One of the earliest organized military forces in history, the Urik army was formed in the ancient city of Urik, ruled by King Enmerkar. Equipped with spears, axes, bronze helms, and early armor, these troops operated in small units of 50–100.

Although not massive by today’s standards, this was one of the top 10 strongest armies in history for its time. Urik’s military model laid the foundation for later Mesopotamian empires such as the Akkadians and Babylonians.

2. Xia Dynasty Army – Early Chinese Military Power

Era: ~2000 BCE
Region: Ancient China
Strength: ~12,000 soldiers

Recognized as the first recorded dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia Dynasty had a surprisingly advanced army. Under Emperor Yu the Great, these troops weren’t just fighters—they also built infrastructure like canals.

In their only major military campaign, they defeated the Sanmiao tribe and pushed them south, solidifying Yu’s rule.

3. Egyptian Army – Ramesses the Great’s Military Might

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Era: ~1250 BCE
Region: Ancient Egypt
Strength: Over 100,000 soldiers

Ramesses II (Ramesses the Great) built one of the largest ancient armies in history. With infantry, archers, cavalry, and even a navy, this force fought against pirates and powerful enemies like the Hittites.

Their army expanded across Libya, Nubia, and Lebanon, making it one of the most feared armies in history.

4. Persian Empire – The Immortals and Military Innovation

Era: 500 BCE
Region: Persian Empire (Achaemenid)
Strength: ~500,000–1,000,000 soldiers

Led by Cyrus the Great and later Xerxes I, the Persian army was one of the largest and most powerful military forces in ancient history. Their elite unit, the Immortals, functioned as the world’s first special forces.

Persia’s military might was necessary to govern an empire that controlled 44% of the world’s population at its peak.

5. Maurya Empire – The Elephant Powerhouse of India

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Era: 322–185 BCE
Region: India
Strength: ~600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 9,000 war elephants

The Mauryan army under Chandragupta Maurya was a giant of its era. Combining infantry, cavalry, and war elephants, this force rivaled even the largest of the ancient world. After Alexander’s death, Maurya secured key western regions and allied with the Seleucids.

Their use of elephants in battle gave them a distinct advantage and made them one of the top strongest armies in the ancient world.

6. Spartan Army – Discipline and Legend

Era: 5th Century BCE
Region: Ancient Greece
Strength: ~10,000 active soldiers

While not the largest, the Spartan army was perhaps the most elite and feared. The Battle of Thermopylae, featuring the legendary 300 Spartans, cemented their place as one of the most famous military units in history.

Spartan warriors were trained from childhood, making them a professional and deadly force.

7. Macedonian Army – Alexander the Great’s Engine of Conquest

Era: 336–323 BCE
Region: Macedonia (Greece)
Strength: ~50,000–70,000

Under Alexander the Great, the Macedonian army conquered the known world—from Greece to Egypt to India. Their phalanx formations, combined arms tactics, and lightning-speed campaigns made them unstoppable.

Alexander turned back only because his troops grew weary, not because of defeat.

8. Roman Army – Engineering & Expansion

Era: 753 BCE – 476 CE
Region: Roman Empire
Strength: Up to 400,000 soldiers at peak

The Roman legions were a force of discipline, strategy, and innovation. Known for building roads, fortresses, and siege machines, they conquered most of Europe and parts of Asia and Africa.

Roman soldiers were trained rigorously and had a strict chain of command, making them one of the most effective military systems in ancient history.

9. Han Dynasty Army – Guardians of the Silk Road

Era: 202 BCE – 220 CE
Region: China
Strength: ~600,000 troops

The Han military played a crucial role in defending and expanding the Silk Road trade routes. They used crossbows, cavalry, and large-scale fortifications to protect their borders.

Their military and technological innovations helped them withstand invasions from northern tribes like the Xiongnu.

10. Ming Dynasty Army – The First Million-Man Force

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Era: ~1500 CE
Region: China
Strength: ~1.3 million troops

The Ming Dynasty fielded what is likely the first standing army of over one million soldiers. Their forces were organized by family lineage through a system of “Military Households,” ensuring a continuous supply of manpower.

The army featured archers, cavalry, gunpowder weapons, and strict internal control.

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List of the most prosperous dynasties in China

List of the most prosperous dynasties in China

Beijing, the Chinese capital, hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics. Although though China has lately been in the news and people are aware of some current events there. Few are aware that China has a long and difficult history filled with shifting and prosperous dynasties. This article subject exposes readers to the prosperous dynasties that mark the first 2800 years of Chinese culture in honour of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. These prosperous dynasties plays huge role in the world history as well. 

Shang Dynasty: Prosperous China

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One of the earliest real dynasties is regarded as the Shang Dynasty, which was concentrated in Northern China and did not extend across most of modern-day China. It had a significant cultural impact on the region, leaves behind written records that offer a glimpse into their vision of the world, and is supported by archaeological findings. The Shang Dynasty was characterized by city-states with substantial palaces, temples, and altars that were encircled by residential neighborhoods and an industrial sector. Kings who governed the Dynasty were significant for two main reasons: their superior military might and for religious reasons.

The king served as a priest in the Shang religion in order to honor the supreme god Di and the regal ancestors. It was believed that Di could best speak with the royal ancestors, and that the monarch could do the same with them. Writing was initially introduced into Chinese culture during the Shang Dynasty. Initially pictographic in nature, the writing gradually evolved into a more sophisticated ideographic script. Due to being written on strips of bamboo, the majority of the Shang Dynasty writing samples have been lost. On bronze objects and oracle bones, some of the writing from that time period has survived, though.

The Zhou Dynasty

The Shang were vanquished by the Zhou in 1050, greatly expanding Chinese territory. The Zhou described their successful conquest as a triumph of righteous and honorable warriors over the morally corrupt king and courtiers of the Shang. The Zhou Dynasty maintained the city-state system of government. However, unlike the Shang monarchs, the Zhou rulers sent out trusted family members or subordinates with troops to build walled garrisons in the areas rather than attempting to dominate all of them. Local chiefs were chosen to act as the emperor’s envoy if the emperor could not send a reliable agent they knew. Many of the significant philosophical concepts and thinkers who would define China throughout the centuries emerged during the Zhou Dynasty.

Confucianism, which he developed in the fifth and fourth century BC, gave moral guidelines for Chinese society by emphasizing filial piety within the family and community as well as the family as a microcosm of society. The government might help the populace by serving as a sort of “figurehead” to its family or community, according to Confucianism. Confucius’s students, particularly Mencius, developed and disseminated his ideas on family and society, which had a significant impact on China for approximately 2,000 years. Daoism and Legalism, the other two significant ideologies created during the Zhou Dynasty.

The Han Dynasty

 

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The Han Dynasty is distinguished by military conquests, the growth of the Silk Road, and appointments to government positions based on ability rather than birth. Those who had been taught in Confucianism and the application of Confucian ideas became crucial elements of the government during the Han Dynasty.

the Sui Dynasty: Prosperous China

China experienced 400 years of political split following the Han Dynasty. During which no one party was able to establish firm control over all of the country’s regions.  And later the Tang Dynasty. A new code of law that blended the legal cultures of the North. Civil service exams were first implemented during the Sui Dynasty to develop a sizable administrative workforce. In order to make sure that the men nominated to civil service jobs were knowledgeable about Confucian philosophy, the exams emphasized the Confucian classics.

The system permitted many gifted men from unrelated families to climb in the political ranks while many of the aristocratic families retained their political influence by inculcating the Confucian classics in their offspring. Buddhism started to ingrain itself into Chinese culture during the Tang Dynasty. Buddhist monks offered housing for travelers, schools for young children, and gathering spaces for social events. By establishing businesses like mills and oil presses, the monasteries also emerged as major economic forces. They were subsequently able to create money-lending and pawn-broking businesses thanks to these financial resources. Buddhism also contributed cultural value through the stories and artwork that the monks produced.

the Tang Dynasty

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Centralized political and military power began to fall apart around the end of the Tang Dynasty. After that, in 960, a general by the name of Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin, was able to restore peace in China.  To ensure that China would remain under his authority, he hired temporary civil officials to lead the military. And replaced the military governors with them. The Song Dynasty, also known as the Sung Dynasty. Which was unable to increase its political. And military sway outside of the boundaries of China, unlike some of the prior dynasties.

The Jurchens from the north invaded, occupied the capital, and eventually the entire northern section of the Song kingdom. Despite all of the military advancements, the Song were unable to repel them. Up until the late 13th century, the Southern Song Dynasty was able to retain political stability. The spread of rice cultivation contributed to the economic growth of the Song Dynasty. The enormous population growth and agricultural prosperity that rice farming contributed to made it possible for the economy. And commercialization to expand.

This list explores the most prosperous dynasties that have played pivotal roles in China’s cultural, economic, and political development over the centuries.

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Top historic countries in the world you must know

Top historic countries in the world you must know

Travel and history go together naturally, especially some historic countries. Travel links the past to the present and enables us to appreciate its significance both now and in the future, whereas history aids in our understanding of the past in general. Consequently, engaging with history with respect to historic countries is one of the few things that might be more enjoyable for travellers. Likewise, travelling is one of the best things you can do if you love history. Historic countries are attention worthy.

Since we’re all confined at home right now, this is a wonderful time to learn about the past in order to get ready for the trips we’ll take when travel resumes. As a result, we’ve listed some of the top places for history fans to travel, which should make it easier for us to decide how to spend our time now.

Italy: historic countries

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Italy has a lot to offer, whether you are interested in the ancient world, the mediaeval era, or the inventions of the Renaissance. Start in Rome, which served as the capital of the ancient Roman Empire and is the ideal location to learn about the development of the culture that dominated most of the western world.

The Forum, Palatine Hill, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon all provide a window into this world from 2,000 years ago. the Medici Family, who governed throughout the early stages of the Renaissance, by travelling to Florence. The Uffizi Gallery and the dell ‘Accademia are two world-class museums where you may follow their influence on art and culture.

At Venice, historical sites like St. Mark’s Basilica and the trading empire that dominated most of the Aegean and the larger Mediterranean can be explored. No matter whatever location you concentrate on in Italy, you will encounter historical landmarks and discover how the country has influenced the world. It is a land rich in historical wealth.

Jordan: historic countries

Jordan contains many ancient sites that date back several thousand years, just like many other Middle Eastern countries. But unlike some of its neighbors, Jordan is also extremely safe, making it a great Middle Eastern destination for history enthusiasts. The Citadel, which overlooks the city from a slope in the capital Amman and was once occupied by the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Romans, is visible. You can also discover more about how this country came to be after the collapse of the British and Ottoman Empires. Perhaps, the most impressive historical site in the nation is the ancient city of Petra, located in the south.

Greece

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Greece should be quite high on the travel wish lists of most history fans because it was the cradle of democracy and the ancient Hellenic empires. Start in Athens where you may get a taste of the heights of Hellenic culture by visiting the renowned Acropolis ruins. Arrange a trip to the Greek Islands to view archaeological sites and discover how history and myth interact on these sun-bleached, rocky islands after you’ve seen the Parthenon and these other well-known ruins. For instance, in Delos, you can learn about mysterious cults and visit ancient monuments that are comparable to Olympia and Delphi, or you can visit Rhodes and tour the mediaeval old town and discover the Colossus that once spanned the harbor.

Egypt: historic countries

Egypt is a place of immense historical significance, as should be obvious. Let me stress, though, that Egypt was the site of one of the world’s oldest civilizations, which left behind incredibly spectacular monuments like the pyramids. You may explore the old world in Cairo by taking tours of the Giza pyramids, which include the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the only surviving example of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World. Other historical sites, including the ancient city of Memphis and the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens outside of Luxor, which is home to the tomb of King Tutankhamun among many other pharaohs, will be revealed to you on a subsequent voyage down the Nile River.

Peru: historic countries

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Any list of the top historical sites in the world would have Machu Picchu, the Lost Citadel of the Incas, towards the top. Peru is a must-visit place for history enthusiasts just for that reason. Machu Picchu is a beautiful hilltop citadel in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, but there is more to this nation’s history than that. The entire Sacred Valley should enthrall both ardent history lovers and ordinary tourists, from the cliffside castle of Ollantaytambo to the ruins of Pisac to the agricultural terraces of Moray and the salt pans of Maras.

England: historic countries

For those who enjoy history and are interested in western civilization, England is a natural fit. London is a historical wonderland and a fantastic starting point because it was once the center of the British Empire and the capital of England. With so many historical objects on exhibit (some of them, let’s say, “stolen” from other locations throughout the world), the British Museum alone is somewhat of a historical paradise in its own right. You may get a better idea of how prominent London is when you include British sites like Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London, and Westminster Abbey, among others.

Cambodia

The splendour of Angkor Wat, the former capital of the Khmer Empire during the 12th century and one of the most amazing collections of temples in the world, justifies Cambodia’s position on this list, as does Peru. Angkor Wat, a collection of Buddhist and Hindu temples from the ninth to the fifteenth centuries, is situated in the northwest of the nation, just outside the city of Siem Reap. The northern temple Ta Prohm demonstrates how the natural world has gradually engulfed much of the empire over the years while some of the temples, such as Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom, are enormous exhibitions of the kingdom’s grandeur.

Germany: historic countries

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Germany encourages history enthusiasts, whether they are interested in mediaeval or modern history, like so many other countries in Europe. The Brandenburg Gate, which was once the emblem of Prussia’s imperial might but now stands as a symbol of German reunification, is located in Berlin. At the remnants of the Berlin Wall and Checkpoint Charlie, where a select few were able to cross the border between East and West Berlin, you may learn more about the Cold War. Nuremberg, a city outside of Berlin, provides sobering insight into the history of the Nazi Party and the trials of party leaders in the years following World War Two.

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The most famous civilizations throughout history

The most famous civilizations throughout history

Around 12,000 years ago, human beings hunkered down. Though they had earlier traversed the planet to forage for food, humans made the selection to dedicate themselves to agriculture and spent their days planting seeds, choosing produce and accumulating the world’s first meals surpluses.  Eventually giving rise to famous civilizations; civilizations which became so famous that they shaped our present. These famous civilizations are crucial part of our famous history.

Ultimately, the safety furnished through ample meals allowed parts of the human populace to listen on changing small, agrarian settlements into vivid cities.

They might also want to assemble imposing temples and palaces and engage in the developing fields of philosophy, politics, and the arts. Here are seven historic societies that have received a recognition for their ingenuity and innovation. (The precise timelines for these civilizations are approximate and concern to educational debate.)

Civilization of Sumerians: famous civilizations

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The first civilizations in recorded human history are said to have originated in ancient Sumer, a region of Mesopotamia located above the shared floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Around ten thousand B.C., Mesopotamia’s “Fertile Crescent” allowed historic populations to settle and assist themselves with farming. By about 4500 B.C., these communities (who we presently name the Sumerians), ought to domesticate plants in such extra that they should forge the world’s first cities besides feeling puckish.

Tall temple and palace complexes could be seen in Sumerian cities like Eridu, Uruk, and Ur. The historical Sumerians are additionally credited with developing the written word: As many as 5,000 years ago, they scratched clay capsules with a writing device known as cuneiform. This machine allowed them to music the motion of grain all through their territory, share tales and myths, and unfold recommendation on agriculture and cooking, amongst different purposes.

These improvements secured Mesopotamia’s cutting-edge title: the “Cradle of Civilization.” The Sumerians additionally pioneered mathematics, astronomy and astrology, invented irrigation, started out the first schools, codified the first codes of regulation and usual our present-day conceptions of time by using dividing the day into hours, minutes and seconds.

Indus Valley Civilization

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Around 7000 B.C., agriculturalists began out developing small villages for the length of the Indus River Valley in present-day India and Pakistan. Starting spherical 3300 B.C., these settlements grew in specific bustling. Although the Sumerians invented cities, the human beings of the Indus Valley perfected them. For instance, their cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which housed 40,000–50,000 men and women, had baked-brick structures. These cities were kept clean by sophisticated sewer and water supply systems, and their wide streets were laid out in a precise grid pattern, indicating that these websites had been carefully planned.

The painstaking city planning that transpired in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro point out the humans of the Indus Valley sought uniformity. Their ubiquitous bricks had common dimensions, and among their most important inventions were standardized weights and measurements. Other innovations blanketed a mysterious writing gadget that stays undecipherable, and novel methods in metallurgy.

Egyptian civilization: famous civilizations

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By 6000 B.C., settlers arrived at the banks of the Nile and located an asylum from the sizzling sands. They tilled the soil and constructed villages, and round 3100 B.C. These outposts developed into thriving metropolises under the rule of pharaohs who served as divine mediators between the people and their deities. As well as statesmen who made laws, imposed taxes, waged war, and governed their domains.

The Egyptians thrived for heaps of years beneath the pharaohs and located repute for their advances in countless fields of knowledge. For instance, they possessed a enormous consciousness of what grew to be arithmetic, astronomy and anatomy, and have been credited with inventing clinical surgical treatment thanks to their competencies in stitching wounds and placing broken bones. (It’s simply theorized that their mummification practices influenced their clinical talents.)

Ancient China

The Yellow River Valley in China fostered one of the world’s first civilizations. In 5000 B.C., there were the first farming towns, and from these humble beginnings, a centralized government developed. Starting with the Xia (2070-1600 B.C.), a number of successive dynasties dominated Chinese civilization. These kingdoms supposedly sustained themselves by means of divine decree, a thought that developed into the “Mandate of Heaven.” This political philosophy influenced rulers to act as stewards of their human beings and warned towards awful behaviour.

In each tranquil and stricken times, Chinese lifestyle flourished. In the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 B.C.), Chinese scribes wrote with characters that resemble these used today, and through round four hundred B.C., the thoughts of well-known figures such as Confucius started blossoming into full-fledged faith structures stressing advantage and filial piety.

They additionally normalize the first block printing strategies and maritime compasses. The traditions of acupuncture and natural medicinal drug have come to be one of China’s longest-lived contributions. Additionally, Chinese builders are famed for putting up and connecting the first components of one of the most brilliant architectural accomplishments of all time: the Great Wall. This extraordinary work commenced as early as the seventh century B.C

The Ancient civilization of Maya

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Around 7000 B.C., Mesoamerican communities commenced cultivating maize. And beans and creating everlasting dwellings targeted in what is now south-eastern Mexico, Guatemala. And Belize, as properly as sections of Honduras and El Salvador.  Which unfold round huge administrative and ceremonial complexes that appeared to contact the stars.

The Maya discovered the sky fascinating. They constructed giant observatories and made meticulous information of planetary motion with a state-of-the-art gadget of writing that mixed pictorial and phonetic characters. They additionally made predictions of the positions of celestial objects that range proper some distance into the future.

In fact, the Maya people’s grasp of the actions of Venus, Mars. And the moon stimulated their well-known machine of timekeeping. This machine included complicated interlocking calendars. That timed their agricultural things to do and spiritual rituals to coincide with positive astronomical arrangements.

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World War 2: List of the best generals in the armies

World War 2: List of the best generals in the armies

The World War 2 used resources on a scale that was significantly greater than any other conflict in history and raged across vast areas. One of the bloodiest periods in human history, World War 2 saw the deployment of more than 100 million soldiers from more than 50 nations. In a brutal game of survival, men fought, outlasted, and outwitted one another for six long years in the World War 2.

Great leaders and commanders are among the great men (and women) that wars generate. Some are current-war fighters who have been thrown into the fray by veterans of earlier conflicts, while others have emerged from those conflicts to fight in the present conflict and move on to the next.

Bernard Law Montgomery: World War 2

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Bernard Law Montgomery, a British general who was born in 1887, saw action in both the First World War and the Irish War of Independence before rising to fame and becoming one of the best generals in World War II.

The Spartan General, often known as “Monty,” was a cautious leader who was primarily driven by concern for the wellbeing of his troops. He contrasted sharply with US general George Patton in this regard. Montgomery learned to fight slowly and methodically during the First World War after witnessing the loss of countless soldiers to shoddy preparation and hasty actions. He had a sturdy manner and an unyielding outlook.

George Patton: World War 2

George Patton was unquestionably one of the most divisive figures of the Second World War. He slapped two PTSD-afflicted subordinates during the Sicilian campaign and told them to return to the front lines.

Because of strong domestic criticism, Patton was relieved of duty for 11 months until Eisenhower concluded that Patton’s zeal and attitude would be useful in the European battle. He was well-liked by his guys notwithstanding his scandal. He was regarded as a soldier’s soldier and held a high degree of respect among those who reported to him. Used aggressive strategies as a result to make quick progress. He was also a brilliant general with creative problem-solving skills.

Erwin Rommel

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Erwin Rommel was the most renowned Nazi general in the eyes of the Allies. Because of how well-liked he was, Field Marshal Montgomery had to admonish his own soldiers to stop praising Rommel.

During the war against France, this brilliant general became well-known. At the Battle of Sedan, he commanded from the front, which improved his comprehension of the dynamics of the battlefield. He had a natural aptitude to spot chances, and he would seize them using his inherent military skills. He rarely erred when he took chances.

Rommel served as the commander of the Afrika Korps, an organization created to relieve pressure on the Italians in North Africa.

Georgy Zhukov: World War 2

The most well-known and significant Russian commander during the Second World War was Georgy Zhukov. He was enlisted in the military at the age of 19 and served in World War I as well as the Russian Civil War on the side of the Bolsheviks. He was an 1896 baby, the son of a farmer and a shoemaker. Along the Mongolian-Manchurian frontier, Zhukov fought the Japanese from 1937 until 1939. He won incredible battles and was honoured as a Soviet Hero. Zhukov received a promotion to general and Red Army chief of general staff in 1941, just before Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

After successfully defending Moscow, Zhukov planned a counterattack that drove the Germans between 60 and 150 kilometres away from the capital. Subsequently, he helped to draught the Operation Uranus plans, which called for surrounding the German 6th Army in Stalingrad. The tactic was a complete success and assisted in turning the tide of the battle. As Zhukov helped win the Kursk War, the siege on Leningrad was eventually lifted.

Heinz Wilhelm Guderian: World War 2

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His innovative approach to combat was where Heinz Wilhelm Guderian excelled. He invented the “Blitzkrieg” strategy, which involved deploying a variety of weapons coordinated with one another during an assault to overwhelm the opposition with firepower. He also suggested massing tanks where previously they had been scattered among infantry divisions to provide support.

During the Battle of France, he accomplished one of his finest feats. It was very poorly defended because it was thought that the Ardennes forest on the western flank of the Maginot Line was impassable. By breaking through the French defences with seven divisions and 1,112 tanks, Guderian proved the French incorrect and displayed his skill as a general. The German forces that ultimately destroyed the French were led by Guderian.

Throughout the Soviet Union assault, Guderian continued to have success, and his 2nd Panzer Army completed sealing the Minsk pocket, leading to the capture of 300,000 Soviet soldiers. After that, the 2nd Panzer Army joined the assault on Kiev and contributed to the largest encirclement in history, which resulted in the capture of 600,000 Soviet soldiers.

Douglas MacArthur

Douglas MacArthur, who was born into a military family in the American Old West and graduated as valedictorian from the West Texas Military School, was a crucial Commander in the fight against Japan. His innovative tactical operations saw the emphasis of military operations placed on the speed and mobility of amphibious and air forces operating across great distances. He was a dynamic leader.

MacArthur fought in the First World War, where he received numerous decorations and quickly advanced from major to colonel to brigadier general. During his time serving on the Western Front, he was twice nominated for the Medal of Honour, once given the Distinguished Service Cross, and seven times given the Silver Star.

Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Manstein: World War 2

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Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Manstein was a Prussian nobleman who was born in 1887. He enlisted in the military at a young age. And served in the First World War on both the Western and Eastern Fronts.

His skill as a general was evident during the Second World War’s invasion of France. Manstein devised a strategy to get past the French defences along the Maginot Line. By attacking France through the Low Countries and directing their major armoured thrust through the Ardennes Forest. The Germans achieved an astounding victory during Operation Sickle Cut.

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Human civilization: Top facts you must know

Human civilization: Top facts you must know

Homo sapiens emerged in Africa between 200 and 150,000 years ago, but history of human civilization as a species goes much further back with prehistoric human forebears. In addition, the story of human civilization and evolution is convoluted, full of unresolved issues and tragic family drama. These are some top facts regarding the history of human civilization and evolution that you might not be aware of.

Early humans leaving Africa: human civilization

The majority of us have heard the tale of how Homo sapiens migrated from Africa into Europe and Asia beginning 80,000 years ago. You might be surprised to learn that Homo erectus had been travelling the same routes out of Africa intermittently for more than a million years. In fact, when Homo sapiens left Africa, they would have come across other people that resembled us a lot. These people would be the Homo erectus and Neanderthal descendants of our common ancestor. These individuals were all primitive humans. They had also been roaming Eurasia for tens of thousands of years.

Low genetic diversity

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Because we all seem to be descended from a single small group of early humans who lived in East Africa, humans are among the least genetically diverse ape species. Population geneticists use a metric known as “effective population size” to describe genetic diversity. Effective population size, put very simply, is the number of people required to reproduce the genetic variety of the whole human population. This number for humans is usually around 15,000, which is absolutely absurd when you think that there are 7 billion of us in the world. For example, there are 733,000 mice in certain species, which is the effective population size.

Our Neanderthal self: human civilization

Although this is very well known, it still has to be said. Neanderthal genes have entered some modern non-African populations, according to a recent genomic examination of Neanderthal bones. This shows that Cro-Magnons likely had children with the local Neanderthal populations when they colonized Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. We are one big happy family of people.

Human population 80,000 years ago

Around 80,000 years ago, an unexplained event decreased the actual number of humanity. Remember that the effective population size is a measure of genetic diversity and is not the same as the actual population size. In other words, 80,000 years ago, our genetic variety significantly decreased. There are several hypotheses as to why this would be the case, from an end-of-the-world catastrophe brought on by the Toba volcano eruption to something more commonplace like interbreeding among small communities.

Humans navigating oceans 50,000 years ago: human civilization

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About 50,000 years ago, Homo sapiens landed in Australia. From the coast of Africa, how in the world did they get there? They used little boats that were possibly tied together with reeds. (These were most likely vessels akin to those that transported humanity from Asia to the Americas more than 17,000 years ago.) It was like the Paleolithic version of taking a tin can on a moon-shot. The fact that it did so defies logic. We colonized an entire continent while making numerous trips across the Pacific in those little boats.

Recent culture of humans: human civilization

While we’re talking about all the amazing events that occurred 50,000 years ago, it’s important to note that many anthropologists today think that early humans did not likely create what we would now define as civilization until approximately that time. The “mitochondrial Eve” theory contends that we are all derived from a single East African woman who lived 200–150,000 years ago, which makes this astonishing. Assuming that Homo sapiens emerged around the time of mitochondrial Eve, it follows that our species persisted for a very long time before we produced amazing things like ornaments, art, symbolic communication, and sophisticated bone tools.

Pre-cultural humans undoubtedly possessed fire and rather advanced toolkits, but there is scant evidence that they possessed art and symbolic communication, the two pillars of what we now refer to as “culture.” It’s very impossible to establish one way or the other, but some anthropologists think that before that cultural explosion, we hadn’t even developed language.

Fire as a tool: human civilization

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After our ancestors domesticated fire and began manufacturing tools, Homo sapiens began to develop. Although it seems straightforward at first, the repercussions are significant. We as a species have never existed without tamed fire, one of the most crucial instruments for creating a civilization. We humans are tool and fire makers by nature. Since that our species has always been enhanced by the development of artificial fire and tools, some would even argue that this proves we are all cyborgs by nature. Whoa.

A continuous evolution

Excellent news to all! As long as Homo sapiens continues to develop, our descendants will eventually be as different from us as we are from Homo erectus. A small portion of the human genome has been identified by evolutionary biologists as being subject to fast selection. It implies that population-wide gene alterations are disseminating quickly. Several of these mutations have to do with the size and development of the brain, while others have to do with how well we can tolerate particular foods (like dairy) and how resistant we are to disease.

Given that our brains are actually shrinking, some biologists have begun to ask if humans are evolving to be more intelligent. Yet, it is still unclear whether the evolutionary changes we are witnessing have anything to do with intelligence. It’s nevertheless encouraging to know that the genes that regulate one of my favorite anatomical systems are continually changing.

Given that our brains are actually shrinking, some biologists have begun to ask if humans are evolving to be more intelligent. Yet, it is still unclear whether the evolutionary changes we are witnessing have anything to do with intelligence. It’s nevertheless encouraging to know that the genes that regulate one of my favorite anatomical systems are continually changing.

Some quick facts about homo sapiens: human civilization 

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  • Over a period of 6 million years, as our early human ancestors adapted to a changing environment, the traits that now distinguish our species from other species emerged.
  • A new species of human evolved in East Africa about 200,000 years ago. It was a member of the Homo sapiens genus. Scientists have discovered that these hunter-gatherers were all of the humans who are alive today through studying the DNA of those who do.
  • As the lone survivor of a large family tree of earlier human species, we currently inhabit a unique stage in the evolution of humanity. Homo sapiens, or modern humans, lived alongside other early human species on Earth and occasionally in the same region.

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Top weapons during the Vikings era: The Combat Army

Top weapons during the Vikings era: The Combat Army

The Vikings are also frequently connected with their weapons in addition to their ships. Weapons were essential for self-defence and on raids for loot. And they played a significant role in Scandinavians’ daily lives. We are familiar with a variety of weapons that show how war was fought a thousand years ago. These weapons are discovered by archaeologists in Viking-era tombs, lakes, next to fords, and at combat sites. Each discovery adds a tiny element to the overall picture of Viking combat.

During the Viking Age, swords, axes, bows and arrows, lances, and spears were among the weapons utilized. A handful of the weapons the Vikings used to protect themselves in battle included shields, helmets, and chain mail. The availability of weapons depended on how wealthy the Vikings were. Axes and lances were inexpensive weapons for warriors in the general population, while swords were the expensive weapons of the elite. Nonetheless, there are differences in how the various kinds of tools and weaponry are preserved. For instance, while helmets and chain armor are extremely uncommon to discover, rather high quantities of swords and axes have persisted until the present.

The Viking axe: weapons

With a weapon in hand, every Viking rode the waves and charged into battle. The Viking axe was the weapon of choice for them the majority of the time.

The Viking axes’ long handle and a cutting edge that varied in length from 3 to 18 inches, depending on the owner’s wealth, offered the user a significant advantage in reach. They were normally fastened in place by a belt and worn around the waist.

Ulfberht, or Viking sword

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Vikings were a people who were born into fighting, therefore it should not be surprising that they would not limit themselves to just one type of armament, despite being frequently linked with the axe.

As opposed to the Viking axe, the Ulfberht, or Viking sword, was less frequently seen. Iron was scarce during this period of mediaeval weaponry, therefore it was normally exclusively owned by the wealthier members of Viking society.

The standard Viking blade was still a powerful tool for destruction, nevertheless. The 35-inch-long, double-edged blade was slung over the shoulder and made reachable with the right hand.

Bow And Arrow: weapons

Although close-quarters fighting is what the Vikings were most famous for (and they most certainly were), they were not only adept at it. The bow and arrow, which the Vikings first used for hunting, were soon found to be a potent weapon for defeating enemies.

A proficient Viking archer could fire twelve arrows on average every minute before the inevitable close combat started. The Viking spear, which spanned in length from three to ten feet and consequently came in a wide variety of forms, was one Viking weapon that served both close combat and ranged combat purposes.

The Viking spear: weapons

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The Viking spear, which spanned in length from three to ten feet and consequently came in a wide variety of forms, was one Viking weapon that served both close combat and ranged combat purposes.

While some Viking spears were made to be thrown long distances, others were far more robust and were better suited for close quarters battle.

Knives were the final type of weapon the Vikings carried in their massive utility belts of murder. Even slaves were allowed to possess one of these blades, thus even though they varied in size and quality, they were always within reach during the Viking era.

The affluent members of Viking culture held the Seax, a knife of far greater quality. Compared to the normal fighting knife, it was significantly bigger and more deadly, with an often bent blade. Although the Scandinavian people during this time in mediaeval history most frequently utilized these top 5 Viking weapons, they were by no means the only ones.

The Vikings were incredibly skilled fighters who were more than able to pick up any type of weaponry and use it, if necessary, in an emergency. As many people would have them depicted, the Vikings were much more than just ferocious warriors.

In addition, they were talented artisans who could create gorgeous pieces of art like the Viking longboat as well as defensive weapons.

The Armor of the Vikings

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The Vikings were renowned warriors known for their ruthlessness. And cunning who were feared throughout the nations for the destruction. They wreaked along the shoreline during the Viking age. Yet, they were not naïve; they understood that in order to maintain their way of life, they needed to arm themselves with shields, helmets, and body armour.

Viking armour was frequently made of heavily cushioned leather, which provided some defence against sharp weapons. The typical Viking frequently donned it to combat. Another popular type of armour at the time was chainmail, which was only worn by the wealthier classes due to the great demand and high cost of iron.

Viking Helmet: weapons

Although not all Vikings wore helmets, those who could did so because the extra protection it provided during close battle saved many lives. The Viking helmet was made of relatively simple materials and frequently had a simple bowl form with a metal nose guard sticking out of the middle

Contrary to common perception, there isn’t much proof that Viking helmets actually had horns, despite how frequently they were shown as having them. Horns offered very little extra protection and served only as another object for the enemy to grip onto during combat. No fighter was more practical than a Viking.

Viking shield: weapons

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It’s fascinating to learn about the Viking shield’s history. Because so few of them have been preserved throughout history. There have been several arguments among historians over how they were built. Some important artefacts have been discovered, providing some answers.

Warriors in the Viking Period raced into battle brandishing shields. Which were typically round in shape and varied in diameter from 30 to 35 inches on average.

Typically, a warrior makes their own shield, modifying it to fit their fighting style and size. A Viking shield couldn’t be too huge or too little. Since, doing so would make the bearer too exposed or slow. All of the surviving Viking shields are constructed from strong butted planks of spruce, fir, or pine.

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Medieval Life: A Peek into the Historical Era

Medieval Life: A Peek into the Historical Era

The High Middle life saw a significant increase in population. Between 1000 and 1347, Europe’s population is thought to have increased from 35 to 80 million, but the precise reasons for this growth are still unknown. Among the theories are improved agricultural practices, a drop in slave trade, a warmer climate, and a lack of invasion during medieval life. Up to 90% of Europeans continued to live as rural peasants. Many no longer lived in remote farms, but instead had formed small settlements known as manors or villages. In a system known as manorialism, these peasants living medieval life were frequently under the control of noble overlords and owed them rent and other duties.

Throughout this time and beyond, a small number of free peasants persisted, though they were more numerous in southern European countries than in the north. Another factor in the population growth was the practice of asserting, or putting new lands into production by rewarding the peasants who settled them.

Town started developing: medieval life

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In reaction to the chaos of the time, castle construction started in the ninth and tenth centuries. These structures offered defense against invaders and rival lords. They were first constructed out of wood, subsequently out of stone. Once castles were constructed, towns grew up everywhere around them.

Early Medieval Ages Viking invasions, which forced settlements to build walls and protect their locations, were a significant influence in the growth of towns. After then, huge mediaeval walled cities with enclosed residences, stores, and churches were built. The most significant mediaeval city walls still exist in England are in York, which had prosperity for much of the later mediaeval period. York is famous for its mediaeval walls and bars (gates).

In towns as opposed to the countryside, it was more typical to send kids off to work as servants. The majority of town dwellers were merchants or craftspeople, and this activity was carefully regulated by guilds. These guilds’ members would take on young people, mostly boys, as apprentices so they could learn the trade and eventually become guild members. The master’s offspring and these apprentices both contributed to the household, or “family,” in equal measure.

Life of peasants: medieval life

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Peasant farmers made up the majority of the population in mediaeval communities, which were built of dwellings, barns, sheds, and animal pens arranged around the village square. Beyond this, grasslands and ploughed fields around the hamlet.

An agrarian calendar governed peasants’ daily activity, with the majority of their time being spent working the land and attempting to produce enough food to last another year. Church feasts commemorated the sowing and reaping seasons as well as times when both peasants and lords might take a break from their labors.

Strips of land to cultivate and harvest were allotted to the peasants who resided on a manor close to the castle. Typically, they would grow rye, oats, peas, and barley. They would harvest their crops with a scythe, sickle, or reaper. Although though each peasant family had their own individual plots of land, the peasants collaborated on activities like haying and ploughing. They were to clear woods, create roads, and perform other duties as assigned by the lord.

Even in the homes of the wealthy, comfort was not always found. Stone walls, ceilings, and floors were a constant source of heating issues. Little windows let in little light, and candles made of oil and fat frequently gave off an unpleasant smell. Wooden benches, broad tables, cabinets, and pantries made comprised the furniture. When available, linen might be nailed or adhered to benches to add some comfort. Even though they were made of the softest materials, bedbugs, lice, and other biting insects were frequently present.

Nobles during medieval times

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Even though they did not possess land directly, the nobles, including the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants under the feudal system. These nobles were awarded rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord. These lands, or fiefs, started to be regarded as hereditary during the 11th and 12th centuries, and in most places, they were no longer divided among all the heirs as they had been in the early mediaeval period. Instead, the eldest son received the majority of fiefs and territory. The nobility’s power was based on their ownership of the land, military service as heavy cavalry, control over the castles, and a number of exemptions from paying taxes or other levies.

Women during medieval ages

Throughout the Medieval Ages, women had to formally submit to a male, such as their father, spouse, or another kin. While though widows frequently had some autonomy over their own lives, they were nonetheless subject to legal limitations. According to the depictions seen in Psalters from southern Germany and England, the three main tasks carried out by peasant men and women were raising food, caring for livestock, and producing textiles. Women from various social classes engaged in various activities. Middle-class women worked in the textile, innkeeping, shopkeeping, and brewing industries, while wealthy urban women may become money lenders like their husbands or become merchants themselves. Like peasant women, townswomen were in charge of the home and had access to trade.

Children during medieval times

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The first year of life was one of the most perilous for most children growing up in mediaeval England. With as many as 50% of infants dying from a fatal illness in that period. Moreover, 20% of women died during giving delivery. Children were nurtured and cared for throughout their first year of life. Either by their parents if they came from a peasant or noble family, or maybe by a wet nurse.

A youngster started to take on a more meaningful role in family responsibilities around the age of twelve. Although girls may legally get married at the age of twelve. This wasn’t very usual unless the kid was an heiress or came from an aristocratic household. At this age, peasant children remained at home and continued to study. And advance in household and animal husbandry skills. Children in urban areas left their homes and moved in with their employers’ or masters’ homes. Noble girls studied fundamental housekeeping skills, while noble lads learned military abilities. The transition from childhood to adolescent was signified by leaving home and moving in with one’s employer or master, enrolling in college, or starting church activities.

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Medieval Castles: Most Extravagant in History

Medieval Castles: Most Extravagant in History

Despite the Middle Ages also being known as the Dark Ages, a time following the fall of the Roman Empire linked with a general decline, some lovely artefacts, like medieval castles, have endured through the ages. These medieval castles are timeless.

These fortresses can be found all over Europe, each with its own distinctive characteristics. Given that many were used as retreats by kings and nobility, mediaeval castles had to be both practical, sturdy, and attractive. Some were built on top of mountains, others appeared to float over water, and some were almost buried by the leafy canopy of trees. While some of Europe’s mediaeval castles are well-known and iconic, others are less well-known.

Eltz Castle of Germany: Medieval castles

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With many landscape photographers opting to capture it during the gloomy hours of the day, Eltz Castle has progressively risen to the top of the most photographed castles on Instagram. The castle’s location on a hill, encircled by a dense forest, adds to the eerie atmosphere. It is tucked away in Rhineland-Palatine, the Moselle wine area famous for Riesling wine, and it feels like a world apart because of that.

Eltz Castle, like many other mediaeval castles, has experienced its fair share of conflict but has remained intact throughout the ages. It’s interesting to note that the Eltz Family still owns the castle.

Eilean Donan of Scotland: Medieval castles

One of the most recognizable mediaeval castles, Eilean Donan, is probably known to practically everyone. Due in part to its appearance in the 1986 movie Highlander, but also because it is one of the Western Highlands of Scotland’s must-see locations. On an island between three sea lochs, Loch Duich, Loch Long, and Loch Alsh, is this highland treasure.

It was founded in the 13th century and served as a stronghold for the Clan Mackenzie. Regrettably, the ancient castle was destroyed during the Jacobite rebellions in the 18th century, and it was rebuilt in the 20th.

The Edinburgh Castle of Scotland

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The Edinburgh Castle is another stunning Scottish landmark. It looks over Scotland’s capital from atop Castle Rock. Unsurprising, given that the majority of mediaeval castles were situated in advantageous areas; the trick was to be able to watch the adversary while remaining out of reach.

Edinburgh Castle was not spared by a turbulent past because of the conflicts between England and Scotland. The castle went through multiple Scottish and English ownership changes during the First and Second Wars of Scottish Independence.

Even today, people still flock to the city to see Edinburgh Castle, where they may partake in a number of activities and guided tours. If none of that appeals to you, why not just take in the breath-taking scenery?

Bran Castle of Romania: Medieval castles

Romania must be mentioned when discussing mediaeval castles. Most people’s first thoughts will likely be of Dracula and Transylvania. There are no known direct connections between Bran Castle in Central Romania and the persona created by Bram Stoker, despite popular belief to the contrary.

The castle itself first appeared in records in 1377, but it is built on top of a mediaeval Teutonic Knights fortress that dates to the early 13th century.

The castle rises out amongst the surrounding forests at a height of about 2500 feet above sea level. With numerous towers and turrets, it exudes mystery as it views over the lovely village of Bran.

Today, visitors to the castle can meander along the steep stairs that lead to 60 rooms with timbered ceilings.

Kilkenny Castle of Ireland

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In the second part of the 12th century, Kilkenny Castle, an iconic Anglo-Norman stone fortress in Ireland, was originally a wooden fort. The castle has undergone numerous renovations over the years and continues to contain features of different architectural styles, primarily Gothic Revival.

In the past, it was situated at a key strategic location that controlled the River Nore crossing. Nowadays, tourists may leisurely appreciate and take in the castle as it is surrounded by large gardens with well-kept lawns. The interiors of the castle are also open for tours, allowing guests to fully experience the majesty of history.

Mont-Saint-Michel Bay of France: Medieval castles

The French bay of Mont-Saint-Michel is one of the most magnificent spots on earth. Awe-inspiring and singular is the island that separates Normandy and Brittany. Anyone would find it impossible to dispute its grandeur, despite the fact that it isn’t officially a castle.

The island’s summit is occupied by a mediaeval monastery that has long drawn tourists. According to mythology, Bishop Aubert of a nearby town was given the go-ahead to construct a church on top of the island by Archangel Michael himself. The late 10th century saw the beginning of Benedictine abbey construction.

The environment around the island is always changing due to how swiftly the bay’s tides can recede and reveal a completely different scene.

Windsor Castle of England: Medieval castles

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Windsor Castle in England, which served as the residence of British royalty for centuries, is arguably one of the most well-known castles in all of Europe. This Berkshire palace has been used by the ruling monarch continuously since Henry I ruled England in the 12th century, making it the European palace with the longest continuous occupancy.

13 acres of land surround the castle, which has a fortification, a palace, and a small hamlet. The castle now has Gothic elements and a Georgian and Victorian style that is based on a mediaeval building. The castle is filled with impressive and renowned works of art, as one would anticipate in any royal residence.

Castel del Monte of Southern Italy: Medieval castles

Unsurprisingly, when most people see mediaeval castles, they picture angular towers rising above treetops. A notable exception is Castle del Monte in Southern Italy, however not all meet this criteria.

Emperor Frederick II constructed the Apulia region’s castle in the thirteenth century. Elements from ancient antiquity, the Islamic East. And north European Cistercian Gothic can be found on the austere and fortress-like octagon façade. The castle itself has not undergone any substantial structural alterations. And it is perched on a steep peak in a remote woodland.

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The worst wars happened throughout mankind

The worst wars happened throughout mankind

Like most battles, the majority of casualties in the deadliest conflicts in history have been innocent civilians. Throughout the beginning of time, wars have been in human history. The earliest evidence of human combat points to the first fight occurring near the boundary between Egypt and Sudan some 13,000 years ago. This battle is thought to have started as a result of rivalry for resources, in this case, water. The majority of conflicts in human history have occurred for a variety of causes, including poverty, weak governmental leadership, civil unrest, religion, territorial disputes, lack of resources, and a host of other issues. After that, let’s take a look at the historically worst wars.

Second Congo War (1998–2003)

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One of the bloodiest conflicts in history and the deadliest in contemporary African history was the Second Congo War (1998–2003). Over the course of this five-year war, around 5.4 million people perished. Even while the genocides caused a significant portion of the deaths, the war’s effects on diseases and famine also contributed.

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)

During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), a confederation of European states faced forth against the French Empire and its allies. The Napoleonic Wars are the collective name for a string of battles between the French Empire and the coalitions that opposed it, including the War of the Third Coalition, the Fourth, the Fifth, the Sixth, and the Seventh and Last Coalition. According to estimates, the fighting at this time killed between 3.5 and 6 million people directly or indirectly.

Thirty Years’ War

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The Thirty Years’ War, as its name suggests, took place between Catholic and Protestant governments in Central Europe from 1618 to 1648. The battles finally attracted the major European powers, leading to one of the bloodiest, deadliest, and longest wars in European history. According to estimates, 8 million people—both military personnel and civilians—died as a result of the war.

Chinese Civil War

Between the Kuomintang, which was supported by the government, and the Communist Party of China, the Chinese Civil War broke out in August of 1927. By 1950, more than 8 million people had died as a result of the murders and other atrocities committed by both sides.

Russian Civil War

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More than 9 million people died in the Russian Civil War, 8 million of whom were civilians. The conflict, which was fought between the Red Army and the White Army, lasted from 1917 to 1922, immediately following the Russian Revolutions of 1917.

The Dungan Rebellion

The Dungan Rebellion was a conflict that took place in 19th-century China’s Qing Dynasty between the Hans, an East Asian-born Chinese ethnic group, and the Huis, a group of Chinese Muslims. 20 million people died as a result of the war, mainly due to famine and migration brought on by the conflict.

Lushan Rebellion: worst wars

Between the years 755 and 763, there was a revolt in China called the An Lushan Rebellion. Although the death toll is difficult to estimate, census data from the years after the war suggests that about 36 million people—roughly two-thirds of the empire’s population—were lost.

First World War

The Central Powers and the Allies fought each other in the First World War. Despite only lasting 4 years, from 1914 to 1918, the war killed over 18 million people. About 11 million of the 18 million fatalities were caused by military people, and about 7 million were civilians.

The Taiping Rebellion: worst wars

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The Taiping Rebellion, which took place from 1850 and 1864, was yet another major conflict in China. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom’s Christian millenarian movement and the Qing Dynasty engaged in combat. Although there isn’t a precise figure, most estimates place the death toll from the Taiping Rebellion between 20 and 30 million.

Second Sino-Japanese War: worst wars

Between 1937 and 1945, the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War. It is generally accepted that the Marco Polo Bridge Incident served as the catalyst for the war, which later erupted into a full-scale conflict that claimed the lives of nearly 4 million Chinese and Japanese soldiers as well as 25 million civilians.

World War II: worst wars

Almost 70 million people died in the conflict, which pitted the Allies and the Axis powers in the worst conflict in history. The war, which is notorious for its genocide against the Jewish people, also resulted in the deaths of more than 50 million civilians.

American Civil War

In terms of deaths, the American Civil War was the bloodiest and deadliest conflict ever waged in human history. The conflict stands out as one of the bloodiest conflicts ever fought in human history. The union and the states of the confederacy fought this conflict. The bloody conflict is also known as the conflict between the states. The American Civil War portrayed a situation in which simmering hostility existed between the southern and northern states of America (which had been thrust into a state of conflict due to urgent issues like the rights of the states, slavery, and sectional disputes, etc.). Between the years of 1861 and 1865, the blood feud persisted.

The Kalinga War

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One of the fiercest and bloodiest feuds in human history is attested to by the Kalinga War. The brutal conflict was fought in 261 BCE, under the Mauryan empire’s rule. Emperor Ashoka fought a war against the Kalinga state in India. The conflict was caused by Ashoka’s desire to incorporate Kalinga into his empire. Ashoka’s army attacked Kalinga, and after a bloody battle, his army was able to defeat Kalinga’s army. But, the Kalinga war was so harsh and deadly that it permanently altered Ashoka.

Dafur Conflict: worst wars

Early in 2003, rebel groups began to take up arms against Sudanese President Omar al-regime Bashir’s in Khartoum, rekindling long-simmering tensions in the western Sudanese region of Darfur. The U.S. administration later referred to the conflict’s outbreak as the first genocide of the twenty-first century. The Sudanese government equipped and funded Arab militias that became known as Janjaweed. After rebel groups won a number of notable battles against the country’s military.  And ethnic cleansing against Darfur’s civilian population.

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The rarest creatures found on Earth: Amazing Earth

The rarest creatures found on Earth: Amazing Earth

Natural habitats continue to disappear all across the world. That implies that not only are the magnificent views for which we travel diminishing, but also that the creatures who inhabit them are being pushed to extinction. The species listed here are some of the rarest in the world—some are so uncommon we don’t even have images of them—and we should do our part to protect them. These rarest creatures are must known. We discover rarity of these rarest creatures in this article.

Amur leopard: rarest creatures

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

One of the rarest and most endangered large cats on the planet, there are just about 70 mature Amur leopards left in existence. It’s also one of the most attractive, with a coat that stands out from other leopards thanks to its distinctive pattern of black flecks and splotches. If you’re extremely fortunate, you might be able to see this highly endangered cat in the Primorsky Krai region of Russia or in the Jilin Province of north-eastern China.

Sumatran rhino

One of the most endangered rhino species worldwide, along with the Javan rhino, is the Sumatran rhino. And it’s the smallest. Less than 100 of this species remain in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula, but it’s not just their tenacity that makes them so remarkable—the Sumatran rhino is the only living rhino species that is more closely connected to the woolly rhinoceros, an extinct species—than any other.

Hainan gibbon: rarest creatures

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

The stunning Hainan gibbon has been reduced to only 25 individuals due to habitat degradation and hunting, making it the rarest ape on the planet. In China’s Hainan Island, in the Bawangling National Natural Reserve, is the only place you can see one. The last remaining population, which is confined to one area of the forest, resides here.

Gorilla: rarest creatures

Although though the number of mountain gorillas has grown, especially recently because to WWF conservation initiatives, seeing a gorilla in the wild is still an extremely rare occurrence. This is largely due to the gorillas’ location and the expense of travelling there. Only the most daring tourists choose to travel to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, while the more cautious ones will hike in Rwanda or Uganda, where permits cost more than US$500 for an hour. But it’s definitely worth the money. Seeing these monkeys in the wild is an incredibly thrilling experience because they are the largest of the great apes and share over 98% of their genetic code with humans.

Black-eyed leaf frog: rarest creatures

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

The Morlet’s tree frog, also known as the black-eyed leaf frog, is quite amazing to see with its bulging inky pupils and lime-green skin. If you’re fortunate enough to see it, that is. Despite being severely threatened, the species can still be found in Belize, Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala’s wetlands. So be sure to look closely because this little amphibian is only 65 mm long.

Cuban greater funnel-eared bat

There are reportedly only 100 mature Cuban larger funnel-eared bats left in the world. These tan-furred creatures have a tail that is as long as their body and head put together, as well as big ears. On Cuba’s westernmost coast in Cueva de la Barca, where they have only one cave as their home, they are losing habitat due to the cave’s natural deterioration. Other funnel-eared bat species include Mexican, Trinidadian, and Bahamas variations, totaling ten different species.

Spoon-billed sandpiper

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

Less than 100 spoon-billed sandpiper pairs remain in the world, and they are gravely endangered. Only its gorgeous plumage, which is as appealing and distinctive in the winter as it is in the summer, comes close to matching its eye-catching bill in terms of elegance. The WWT is making every effort to protect this endearing species. This little wader is a favorite of birders and twitchers who visit the marshes of South Asia.

Vaquita: rarest creatures

The vaquita, which is indigenous to Mexico’s Gulf of California, is the least common marine mammal. Since its initial discovery in the late 1950s, this small porpoise has been struggling to survive due to fishing nets and unlawful activities. It frequents the shallows, but because it’s a shy animal, you won’t likely see one unless you’re very still and very patient.

Greater bamboo lemur

The greater bamboo lemur, the largest of the bamboo lemurs, is recognized by the tufts of white that protrude from its ears. Its few remaining individuals are found in south-eastern Madagascar. Before a population was found in the late 1980s, scientists genuinely believed this severely endangered monkey to be extinct. Indeed, only 500 of these gregarious animals, who may live in packs of up to 28, are still alive.

The Pangolin: rarest creatures

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

According to Ian Britton, who works in animal rescue in Namibia for REST Namibia and manages the Pangolin & Co. Instagram, “All four Asian species of pangolin are currently listed as endangered or critically endangered” due to their status as a delicacy in China and Vietnam and the notion that their scales have therapeutic properties. The four species of African pangolins “are swiftly headed in that direction,” he adds, adding to the list of dangers (meaning towards critically endangered). It’s sad that the pangolin is the animal that is most frequently traded because of their distinctive appearance and keratin scales—yes, the same keratin that people pay large money for at the hair salon.

The Seneca White Deer

The Seneca white deer are a very uncommon herd of leucitic deer. Meaning they lack body pigmentation yet have brown eyes. Since there are only approximately 300 of them in total. The species was given a protected location at the former Seneca Army Depot. Where they are safe from predators and available for viewing by the general public.

Ti-Liger: rarest creatures

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

One of the rarest species on the earth, according to writer and ethologist Danielle Radin, is the Ti-Liger. In actuality, this artificial cross between a liger and a tiger is hardly ever seen. She claims there is one in Oroville, California, and between six and ten in total throughout the world. The species—unlike other Dr. Moreau-like crossbreed. Doesn’t typically have the health issues of their hybrid contemporaries. Suggesting there is a chance of their population growing. Even though they are typically considerably larger than the ordinary tiger cub.

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The wealthiest monarchs in the world

The wealthiest monarchs in the world

Although the word “royalty” no longer has any real meaning in the modern world, it does have some extravagant and inflated synonyms. But some monarchs continue to rule the world on the basis of their money, whether or not they have formal authority. These are wealthiest monarchs.

Let us put a stop to you right there if when you hear the word “royals,” Queen Elizabeth II is the first name that comes to mind. She may be the monarch with the longest reign, but she is undoubtedly not the richest. The Queen of England reportedly has a net worth of $530 million, which is insignificant when compared to the billions owned by other monarchs who still have administrative authority in their own nations, according to GQ India.

KING MAHA VAJIRALONGKORN, THAILAND: wealthiest monarchs

IMAGE CREDITS: World history Encyclopedia.com

In 2016, the 67-year-old monarch succeeded his father, who had died. The Crown Property Bureau is in charge of managing his money. His family has 40,000 rental agreements around the country, including 17,000 in the capital, and controls more than 16,210 acres of land in Thailand. Also, the King owns a sizable portion of the Siam Commercial Bank and Siam Cement Group. Also, the Thai king is the owner of the Golden Jubilee Diamond, the biggest cut and faceted diamond in the world. As if all of that weren’t enough. His extravagant lifestyle and fortune have not gone unnoticed by Thai people. Because of this, Thai youth have been demonstrating for a few months to change the monarchy.

SULTAN HASSANAL BOLKIAH, BRUNEI: wealthiest monarchs

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah is the second-longest-reigning king in the world after Queen Elizabeth II. He is also Brunei’s prime minister, making him the uncontested ruler of the nation. He is said to have made his money through working in the oil and natural gas export industry. In fact, the Sultan has been ranked among the richest people in the world. Also, he resides in the Istana Nurul Iman, which has over 1,778 rooms and is the largest residential palace in the entire globe. The Sultan is reportedly rumored to own a fleet of approximately 600 Rolls Royce automobiles.

KING SALMAN ABDULAZIZ BIN SAUD, SAUDI ARABIA

IMAGE CREDITS: The Guardian.com

In this list, King Salman Abdulaziz bin Saud might be third. But if his family’s fortune is taken into account, the Saudi Arabian Saud Family, which has more than $1 trillion in assets, is the richest family in the world. In contrast to many countries on this list, the Saudi monarch has been the undisputed center of authority and power in the oil peninsula for many years.

This family is extremely secretive about their riches and goods, aside from the amount he and his family generate from oil and investments. Yet as we all know, they also own some of the priciest homes, automobiles, yachts, helicopters, private jets, artwork, and more.

EMIR KHALIFA BIN ZAYED AL NAHYAN, ABU DHABI

He is both the President of the United Arab Emirates and the Emir of Abu Dhabi. Yet, he made his money by holding the position of chairman of the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, which is reported to be worth $500 billion and manages the UAE’s excess oil. The Sheikh apparently owns numerous properties in London, and Manchester City FC is also owned by his half-brother. But what has made him most well-known is his charity.

EMIR SHEIKH MOHAMMED BIN RASHID AL MAKTOUM OF DUBAI

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

Major businesses including Emirates Airlines, The Jumeirah Group, and DP World can be attributed to the Vice President of the United Arab Emirates and Emir Sheikh of Dubai, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. He also disregarded important initiatives like transforming Dubai into the futuristic community it is now, building the Palm Islands, and constructing the Burj Khalifa. In addition, he has equestrian training and is a well-known Arabic poet.

GRAND DUKE HENRI, LUXEMBOURG: wealthiest monarchs

The Duke of Luxembourg, his wife, five children, and four grandchildren all reside in the Berg Castle. Also, his family has a vacation property in the southern French town of Cabasson. Also, the family has reportedly received more than $300,000 every year since 1948 to perform its royal duties.

PRINCE HANS ADAM II, LIECHTENSTEIN: wealthiest monarchs

The largest family-owned private wealth company in Europe, Liechtenstein Global Trust, is owned by the Prince of Liechtenstein. As a result, he is also the richest monarch in Europe. He is also quite the art collector, and the Liechtenstein Museum is home to his lavish collection. His wealth is also a result of investments in vineyards and an agricultural firm.

EMIR SHEIKH TAMIM BIN HAMAD AL THANI OF QATAR

IMAGE CREDITS: Pinterest.com

The Qatar Investment Authority, which is responsible for managing the nation’s excess oil and gas reserves, was established by the Sheikh of Qatar and is managed by him. Famously, he also donated $137 million to Al Jazeera, the first international news network in the Arab world. The (then) 39-year-old king was the youngest head of state in the world as of 2018.

KING MOHAMMED VI, MOROCCO: wealthiest monarchs

Mohammed VI, the current king of Morocco, earns $488,604 a year. Yet he is also a cunning banker and businessman in addition to being King. His family owns the majority of the Société Nationale d’Investissement (SNI), which includes businesses engaged in banking, mining, real estate, tourism, insurance, telecommunications, and other industries. In addition, he owns a big parcel of rural land. Additionally, a Forbes report asserted that the Moroccan government was in charge of his palace’s $960,000 daily operating budget.

PRINCE ALBERT II, MONACO: wealthiest monarchs

IMAGE CREDITS: NBC News.com

The Société des bains de mer de Monaco, the organization in charge of managing the wealth of the Monte Carlo Casino and Opéra de Monte-Carlo, is where Prince Albert II, the illustrious Grace Kelly’s son, derives his wealth. In addition, he is the owner of his mother’s house in Philadelphia. In fact, his 2011 nuptials to South African Olympic swimmer Charlene Wittstock were among the most expensive weddings ever.

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The deadliest epidemics in history 

The deadliest epidemics in history

History has witnessed many deadliest epidemics. These deadliest epidemics lead to the death of many. In this article we bring for you some of these deadliest epidemics and the havoc they created.

Epidemic at ‘Hamin Mangha’: deadliest epidemics

IMAGE CREDITS: Britannica.com

A Chinese prehistoric town was wiped out by an epidemic some 5,000 years ago. Inside a residence that was later set on fire, the dead were stacked high. The house included the skeletons of people of all ages, including children, teenagers, and adults.

The prehistoric site, which is today known as “Hamin Mangha,” is one of the best preserved in northeastern China. According to anthropological and archaeological research, the outbreak happened too swiftly to allow for adequate graves, and the area was never occupied again.

Prior to the discovery of Hamin Mangha, a different prehistoric mass grave from around the same time period was located in northeastern China at a location named Miaozigou.

Plague at Athens: deadliest epidemics

A disease that decimated Athens for five years struck the city in around 430 B.C., not long after Athens and Sparta started fighting. The death toll has been estimated to be as high as 100,000. According to the Greek historian Thucydides, those who were well suddenly began to experience “great heats in the head, redness and inflammation in the eyes, the internal parts, such as the throat or tongue, turning crimson and releasing an unnatural and foetid breath” (460–400 B.C.).

Many academics think that the war’s effects on population density made the disease worse.

ANTONINE PLAGUE

IMAGE CREDITS: CNBC.com

Campaigning soldiers brought more than just the prizes of victory back to the Roman Empire. In an article included in the book “Disability in Antiquity,” published by Routledge in 2017, senior lecturer in Roman history April Pudsey claimed that the Antonine Plague, which may have been smallpox, decimated the army and may have killed over 5 million people in the Roman empire.

Several historians concur that soldiers returning home from a battle with Parthia carried the disease into the Roman Empire for the first time. Due to an increase in internal conflicts and “barbarian” group incursions after 180 A.D., the Roman Empire became increasingly unstable. In the years that followed the epidemic, Christianity gained popularity.

Plague of Cyprian: deadliest epidemics

Archaeologists in Luxor discovered what looks to be a mass grave for plague victims in 2014. Their bodies had a thick film of lime covering them (historically used as a disinfectant).

 JUSTINIAN PLAGUE

The bubonic plague decimated the Byzantine Empire, which signalled the beginning of its decline. After that, the epidemic occasionally returned. According to some estimates, up to 10% of the world’s population perished.

The Byzantine Empire expanded to its greatest size during his rule, encompassing lands from the Middle East to Western Europe. Justinian contracted the plague as well but lived. However, after the plague, his empire began to lose ground slowly.

THE BLACK DEATH

IMAGE CREDITS: The Globe and Mail.com

From Asia to Europe, the Black Death spread, wreaking havoc in its wake. Some estimates claim that it wiped off more than half of the population in Europe.

The epidemic altered the history of Europe. With so many people dead, it was harder to find labor, which led to higher wages for employees and the abolition of serfdom in Europe. According to studies, the workers who survived had easier access to meat and tastier bread.

COCOLIZTLI EPIDEMIC: deadliest epidemics

A viral haemorrhagic fever infection that led to the cocoliztli epidemic claimed 15 million lives in Mexico and Central America.

Nowadays, enteric fever remains a serious health risk since it can result in high fever and other health issues.

THE PLAGUES OF AMERICA

IMAGE CREDITS: UNsplash.com

The Eurasian diseases that made up the American Plagues were spread by European travellers to the Americas. Smallpox was among the diseases that led to the decline of the Inca and Aztec empires. 

In 1532, the Spanish army under Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Incas.  Both times, sickness had decimated the Aztec and Incan armies, rendering them helpless against the Spanish army.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the study of history’s deadliest epidemics serves as a sobering reminder of the devastating toll that infectious diseases have exacted on human populations. These pandemics have left indelible marks on societies, affecting not only public health but also political, economic, and cultural aspects of life. While many advances in medical science and public health measures have significantly reduced the impact of deadly diseases in modern times, the lessons learned from past epidemics continue to inform our response to current health crises. These lessons include the importance of early detection, quarantine measures, vaccination, and international cooperation. Furthermore, these catastrophic events have shown the resilience and adaptability of human societies in the face of adversity.

The list of history’s deadliest epidemics highlights the significance of ongoing research and preparedness efforts to prevent future pandemics. The emergence of new infectious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the need for global collaboration, robust healthcare systems, and swift responses to mitigate the spread of deadly pathogens.

Ultimately, while history has witnessed some of the deadliest epidemics known to humanity, it also reflects the triumph of human ingenuity, innovation, and solidarity in the face of these challenges. The scientific advances in the field of epidemiology and the development of vaccines have revolutionized our ability to combat infectious diseases. As we reflect on the lessons from our past, we are reminded of the collective responsibility to protect public health and safeguard the well-being of future generations. By applying the knowledge gained from these historical tragedies, we can better equip ourselves to prevent and respond to the epidemics of tomorrow, ensuring a healthier and safer world for all.

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Most powerful empires which existed in the world

Most powerful empires which existed in the world

Much of the world has historically been governed by empires. An area of land must be ruled politically by a monarch, an emperor, or an oligarchy in order to be referred to as an empire.

We thought it would be fascinating to look at the biggest empires in history since the decline of the United States is being hailed in the news and opinion of the world. The only thing they all have in common, other from their leadership style, is that they all vanished.

Rashidun Caliphate: powerful empires

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

Almost 6% of the earth’s landmass, or more than 3 million square miles, was occupied by the Rashidun Caliphate. As Muhammad passed away in 632 AD, his followers fought to take over his empire while the great prophet’s family prepared for his funeral. This is when the Islamic Empire was born.

Even though it was a Caliphate or a religiously based empire, the people of different religions who were captured received favourable treatment. As long as they paid taxes to the Caliph, they were free to practice the religion they chose.

Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire was both the first global empire and the longest-lasting colonial power in modern Europe.

The empire started in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta and finished in 1999 with the transfer of Macau. Brazil, the most valuable colony of the empire, gained independence in 1822. All of the empire’s colonies, with the exception of Macau, were granted independence after a struggle to topple the regime in 1974. In 1999, Macau was given over to China.

Abbasid Caliphate: powerful empires

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

More over 7% of the earth’s area, or 4.29 million square miles, was occupied by the Abbasid Caliphate. In 750, the empire claimed to have a population of undetermined size, with Baghdad serving as its capital.

The empire lasted from 750 until 1258, and although population figures are unclear, it only started to decrease as the Turkish army gained strength.

Umayyad Caliphate: powerful empires

5.02 million square miles, or more than 8% of the total area of the planet, were occupied by the Umayyad Caliphate. Almost 30% of the world’s population, or 62 million people, lived in the empire between 720 and 750.

While the Umayyad line started in Mecca and chose Damascus as its headquarters, the second Islamic caliphate was established in Arabia after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Between 661 to 750 A.D., the Umayyad Caliphate, so named for the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph, governed.

Yuan Dynasty: powerful empires

More over 9% of the earth’s landmass, or 5.41 million square miles, was occupied during the Yuan Dynasty. In 1291, the empire was home to about 60 million people, or 17% of the entire world’s population. In 1271, the Genghis Khan’s great-grandson established the Yuan Dynasty.

Kublai Khan unified all of China by capturing the capital of the opposing Southern Song Dynasty five years after the empire was established. The dynasty lived a prosperous life, promoting trade with other nations and receiving a visit from renowned Italian trader Marco Polo.

Qing Dynasty: powerful empires

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

Almost 10% of the earth’s landmass, or 5.68 million square miles, was occupied during the Qing Dynasty. More over 35% of the world’s population, or more than 432 million people, lived in the empire in 1851.

The Qing Dynasty, which was established after the Chinese vanquished the Mongols, controlled China from the 17th to the 20th century, with its heyday in the 1800s. Upon the conclusion of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China assumed control of the government.

Spanish Empire

More over 13% of the earth’s landmass, or 7.72 million square miles, was occupied by the Spanish Empire. Between 1740 and 1790, the empire had 68.2 million inhabitants, or nearly 12% of the world’s population.

In some regions of Africa, Spain’s empire persisted into the later 20th century and dates back to the time of Christopher Columbus. The second most spoken language in the world now is Spanish.

Russian Empire

More than 15% of the earth’s landmass, or 9.15 million square miles, was occupied by the Russian Empire.

In 1913, the empire had 176.4 million inhabitants, accounting for more than 9% of the global population. Before to World War I, one of the five major powers in Europe and the last absolute monarchy in the continent was Russia. during the empire’s reign. Five socioeconomic estates were rigorously divided from one another. The brutal Russian Revolution of 1917 brought an end to the Russian Empire.

The Mongol Empire

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

More over 16% of the earth’s area, or 9.15 million square miles, was occupied by the Mongol Empire. From 1270 and 1309, the empire had 110 million inhabitants, or more than 25% of the world’s population.

The Mongol Empire, which was the largest continuous empire in history, was formed as a result of Genghis Khan’s unification of the Turkish and Mongol tribes. Throughout their empire, the Mongols made strides in a number of beliefs and technology. The Mongolian Empire fell into a lengthy, sluggish collapse beginning in 1331, which culminated in Russia’s takeover of the country in 1783.

British Empire

More over 22% of the earth’s landmass, or 13.01 million square miles, was occupied by the British Empire. In 1938, the empire had 458 million citizens, accounting for more than 20% of the global population.

The British Empire initially consisted of trading stations and colonies abroad, but eventually it also included dominions, protectorates, and mandates.

It contained 13 million square miles of land, or more over 22% of the total landmass of the planet. 458 million people, or roughly 20% of the world’s population, lived in the Empire in 1922. The British Empire’s demise was ushered in by the financial weight of World War I.

Persian Empire: powerful empires

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

Cyrus the Great, often known as King of Kings, established the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 550 BCE (Shahanshah). The Persian Empire had a lasting impact on the advancement of world civilizations and following empires, despite meeting an unceremonious end at the hands of Alexander the Great in 330 B.C.E. The Persian Empire played a crucial role in world history because it was the first real empire and defined what an empire was for all succeeding ones.

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Famous people in history that went bankrupt

Famous people in history that went bankrupt

Some time even famous people may have little choice but to file for bankruptcy if they are unable to pay their debts, notwithstanding the stigma attached to it. Financial hell can be reached by famous people at any income level due to reckless risk-taking, shady dealing, out-of-control spending, a large tax burden, or just plain poor luck. And as we shall see some famous and rich people end up in bankruptcy

Abraham Lincoln: famous people

IMAGE CREDITS: Unsplash.com

Abraham Lincoln was left high and dry in 1833 after borrowing $1,000 to buy a general store in New Salem, Illinois, even though he wasn’t technically bankrupt in the modern sense of the word. The following year, the company went bankrupt, and Lincoln was unable to settle the obligation. It took the future president a while to pay off his debts when his two remaining assets—his horse and surveying tools—were seized.

Veronica Lake

Film siren Veronica Lake, who is known for her femme fatale appearances in 1940s movies such This Gun for Hire and The Blue Dahlia, not to mention her much-imitated wavy haircut, had a major alcohol addiction that contributed to her decline as a star. Towards the conclusion of her cinematic career in 1951, Lake filed for bankruptcy.

The sad actress’s property was confiscated by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) due to unpaid taxes, and she had obligations of $156,574 vs assets of $168,050. Early in the 1960s, Lake worked as a cocktail waitress before returning to acting in 1963. She appeared on stage and in a number of TV programs before passing away very soon, at the age of 50, from an alcohol-related illness.

Aaron Carter: famous people

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

Aaron Carter, the younger sibling of Backstreet Boy Nick Carter followed his sibling into the entertainment industry and amassed a staggering $200 million by the time he was 18 years old, which should have provided him with a comfortable lifestyle. There was one catch, though. Carter owes the Federal Revenue Service millions of dollars as a result of his failure to pay his taxes.

The former child star alleged that his parents mismanaged his finances. At the age of 26, Carter declared bankruptcy under Chapter 7 with assets totaling just $8,232 and obligations totaling $2.2 million, the majority of which was owing to US tax authorities. Carter has since put a lot of effort into making ends meet by putting out songs and appearing in as many performances as he can, but in 2017 he was arrested for DUI and marijuana possession.

Mark Twain: famous people

The famous American author Mark Twain, real name Samuel Clemens, earned a decent living from writing but squandered a fortune on investments in cutting-edge machinery, most notably the Paige typesetting machine. During the 1880s and the early 1890s, Twain invested $300,000 on the device, but when the Linotype made it obsolete, he was severely out of pocket.

In a New York state court, the Father of American literature declared himself bankrupt in 1894. He owed $100,000, which with inflation would be equivalent to $2.9 million. Thankfully, Twain’s financial situation improved with the aid of industrialist from the Gilded Age Henry Huttleston Rogers, and he fully repaid his creditors while having no legal duty to do so.

Mickey Rooney

Mickey Rooney, an actor and comedian, had a personal fortune of almost $12 million during the height of his career. Yet by the start of the 1960s, the guy Vanity Fair called “the original Hollywood train catastrophe” had consumed the majority. In 1962, he made a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing.

Rooney had expensive drug and alcohol problems, was a compulsive gambler, and squandered his money on top of it all. The celebrity never recovered his riches, and in 2011, before a Senate Select Committee hearing, he accused his family members of elder abuse and financial exploitation. The 95-year-old Hollywood legend passed away in 2014 with an estate worth just $18,000 and unpaid medical bills and taxes.

Henry John Heinz: famous people

Henry John Heinz, who founded the household name in food, was forced to file for bankruptcy in 1875 when the Panic of 1873 forced his condiment company, Heinz Noble & Company, into administration. The company’s horseradish relish, which was based on his mother’s traditional recipe, had dismal sales, which was primarily to blame for the failure.

Heinz, who had $160,000 in debt and only $110,000 in assets, narrowly avoided going to jail and at one point had trouble paying for food. Fortunately, the resourceful entrepreneur started F & J Heinz the following year. Shortly after, he introduced the company’s renowned Tomato Ketchup, and the rest is history.

Boris Becker: famous people

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

Boris Becker, a tennis player and member of the UK High Court. Had a once-estimated net worth of approximately $131 million. Nevertheless, he was declared bankrupt in 2017 in London. Due to debts that are thought to have totalled $4.1 million owed to the private bank Arbuthnot Latham. The six-time Grand Slam champion may owe his numerous creditors up to $70.7 million, according to the German media.

Becker was accused of concealing assets in 2019, including a Chelsea, London, house and £1.2 million in cash. Then, in October 2020, Becker was accused of providing cash to individuals. As well as not revealing his awards and medals to bankruptcy trustees, however the former tennis champion disputed this.

Karen Millen: famous people

IMAGE CREDITS: istockphoto.com

With just £100 ($220), fashion entrepreneur Karen Millen co-founded her own company in 1981. In 1983, she opened her first store in Maidstone, England. In the 1980s and 1990s. The British chain continued to grow. And by the beginning of the 2000s, Karen Millen had 130 locations worldwide. When the company was purchased by the Icelandic firm Mosaic Fashions in 2004. Millen made a tidy sum of £35 million.

Despite the fortune, Millen eventually found himself in serious financial problems. The former fashion mogul asserts that she was duped into participating in a dubious tax evasion scheme. And that Kaupthing, the collapsed Icelandic bank that provided financing for the acquisition of her business, had robbed her. In 2016, she was declared bankrupt.

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The basic facts about human history

The basic facts about human history

The adage “Those who don’t know history are destined to repeat it” is true. (Or anything comparable). Yeah, it’s crucial to learn your history—not just the famous figures and significant events, but also the smaller facts that shed light on their lives or the times they lived in. Perhaps it’s startling facts that causes you to re-evaluate accepted wisdom. That could be bizarre facts that is too unbelievable to be true. Whatever the case, the most entertaining basic facts are probably the titbits that are so bizarre and unique that they could never be replicated, even by someone who wanted to.

Understanding human history’s basic facts is essential to grasp the evolution of our species. From ancient civilizations to modern societies, these key points shape our journey through time and our shared global narrative.

Throughout history, humans have exhibited remarkable resilience, adaptability, and creativity. From the emergence of writing systems to the exploration of space, our quest for knowledge and progress has been relentless. This introductory knowledge forms the foundation for delving deeper into the complex tapestry of our shared past.

Once, turkeys were worshipped: historical facts

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Despite the fact that the turkey is today America’s favorite Thanksgiving dish, the Mayans revered these large birds in 300 B.C. and regarded them as conduits of the gods. As a result, they domesticated them and used them in sacred rituals. These were status and power emblems that may be seen all across Maya iconography and archaeology.

‘The British are coming’: historical facts

While everyone is aware of the legend surrounding Revere’s illustrious journey during which he is credited with shouting “The British are coming!” to alert the colonial militia to the impending enemy, This isn’t true at all. The mission was intended to be covert and quiet since British forces were skulking in the countryside of Massachusetts, according to History.com. Colonial Americans also still saw themselves as British.

Medals for fine arts at Olympic

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The Olympic Games featured fine arts competitions from 1912 to 1948. Literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, and music all received awards. Of course, the artwork had to have an Olympic theme. The inclusion of the arts was deemed vital by Pierre de Frédy, the man who created the modern Olympics, because the ancient Greeks used to host art festivals concurrently with the games. 151 medals were presented before to the art competitions being subsequently eliminated.

Women banned from smoking: historical facts

According to The Sullivan Law, a city ordinance that forbids women (and only women!) from smoking in public. Mulcahey fought about her rights to smoke in public during her hearing before the district court. She received a $5 fine.

John Adams- first president to live in white house

Before John Adams took office, no president resided there. George Washington is the only president to date who has not resided in the White House, which is interesting.

Edison didn’t invent light bulb

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Despite Edison’s astounding 1,093 patents, the majority of them were not his original ideas. He took the most of them. Warren de la Rue, a British astronomer and chemist, actually invented the first light bulb forty years before Thomas Edison, even if he did obtain the patent for it in 1880.

Origin of our species: historical facts

According to scientists, between about ten and two million years ago in what is now Africa, the evolutionary process that led to humans began with monkeys.

Our African ancestors

Because to climatic changes that caused the continent’s forest cover to decline in favour of grasslands, early people are considered to have dropped from trees. Little groups of early people in Africa are said to have roamed the continent nomadically while looking for food.

Palaeolithic life: historical facts

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Palaeolithic peoples might have believed in the afterlife, according to burials found with domestic items.

Stone age: historical facts

The majority of history curricula place a strong emphasis on the technological advancements of later times, but studying stone-age technology, such as friction firewalking techniques, stone blades, clothing, etc., can be just as fascinating. Arguably the most important development was humankind’s mastery of fire, which dates back to some 100,000 to 400,000 years ago.

Agriculture: historical facts

Human societies started to move away from being nomadic and towards village and city life through cultivating crops. For the first time, this allowed for significant population increase and had a significant impact on deforestation. It also caused communities to become more stratified. Agriculture, towns or other major communities, sophisticated technologies, and organized government are what defined early civilizations and continue to do so today (often kingship).

Mesopotamian civilizations

A long line of Mesopotamian civilizations followed Sumeria, engaging in almost continual conflict with one another. The Akkadian Empire was ascendant and militarily enlarging to the west and southeast by around 4,300 years ago. Elam, Amorite, Babylon, Hittite, Assyrian, and other early civilizations are among those in this area that are noteworthy. Indian civilizations: historical facts

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This was the largest early civilization, with about 5 million people living there.  This civilization is renowned for its advancements in science, measurement, art, and other fields, as well as its comparatively low levels of social stratification. The Vedic culture came after the Indus Valley Civilization.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the basic facts about human history is crucial for comprehending our shared journey as a species. From our early days as hunter-gatherers to the rise of complex civilizations, we have witnessed remarkable achievements, cultural diversity, and technological advancements. Recognizing the impact of significant events, such as the Agricultural Revolution and the spread of religions, helps us appreciate the foundations of our modern world. Human history has been a dynamic, sometimes tumultuous, but always intriguing saga, with the potential for continued growth and progress. By grasping these fundamental historical facts, we gain valuable insights into our collective heritage.

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How to memorize the modern history quickly

How to memorize the modern history quickly

To memorize modern history can be challenging for many pupils. Yet it’s crucial to keep in mind that history is really a compilation of tales. We can better understand ourselves and our place in the world by studying history. Most history instructors want their pupils to memorize more about history than just memorizing names and dates. Nonetheless, there are situations when simply writing down the fundamentals might be beneficial or even necessary. Take courage if you struggle to memorize everything you should. There are many methods you can employ to memorize historical information.

Rhyming the information: memorize history

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Include the facts in a rhyme. Rhyming and even music can be used to help you remember information. Your comprehension of how important events, persons, dates, etc. fit together can also be improved by introducing rhythm or the melody of a simple song into your memorizing.

Rhyming can help you commit knowledge to your long-term memory. The proverb “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue” is a perfect example.

Make a mnemonic system: memorize history

You can remember things in a certain sequence by using the initial letter of a string of connected key words to create a humorous and memorable phrase. When attempting to recall events in the sequence they occurred, this can be extremely helpful.

For instance, the phrase “Gill Underestimated Cliff’s Power” can help you recall the names of the four principal Allies in World War II: China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain.

Using other senses

To jog your memories, use your other senses. Studies show that you will be better able to recall information if you study while inhaling a certain distinctive aroma (such as rosemary, for example), and then use that scent later when you need to recollect the content.

Similar to this, learning while listening to soothing music can aid in subsequent memory retention.

Think visually: memorize history

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Try to connect a fact with an image in your head to help you remember it. If you are a very visual learner, drawing the image out might even be helpful. The meaning of the image might not always be obvious.

For instance, you might envision a Red Sox mug with hot tea in it if you’re trying to acquire facts about the Boston Tea Party.

Apply the loci approach

In the sequence that you typically go around your house, assign various historical events, facts, or phrases to each separate room. For instance, to recall the start of World War I, think of your front door and the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, on June 28, 1914. Consider your home’s front door in relation to Serbia, which Austria-Hungary accused for the killings and went to war with on July 28, 1914.

Using a familiar architecture, you create a “memory palace” utilizing the loci method, an old method of memorizing information. If you’re trying to recall a series of historical occurrences, you might link the first one to your front door.

Jot down significant information: memorize history

In your textbook, lecture notes, and any handouts you may have on the subject, make a thorough list of all the significant names, dates, and ideas.

The terms “the Dust Bowl,” “the Great Depression,” “Franklin D. Roosevelt,” and “the New Deal,” among others, can be on your list of important terms if you are studying American history in the 1930s. List everything in handwriting. Studies show that writing things down by hand as opposed to typing them out on a computer is the best way to retain information.

A fact with its significance

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Explain each term and its meaning. You should write two or three sentences describing each item on your list and why it is significant. If it is a certain day or year, you should first explain what occurred on that day before explaining why it is important historically.

For instance, Japan destroyed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The fact that this incident prompted the United States to join the war makes it significant.

Hand-written flashcards: memorize history

Create flashcards from your list that are written by hand. Create a flashcard out of each item on your list. On one side, type the essential phrase, name, or date; on the other, its meaning and importance.

  • Put red ink on a white background because studies have shown that this aids in memory.
  • Making flashcards is made easy with index cards.
  • Cross-referencing important phrases in your definitions might help you keep track of how particular individuals, locations, occasions, or dates relate to one another.

Take a test

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Test your knowledge of each term’s definition and significance by answering the questions while comparing your response to the card’s reverse. Declare your responses aloud. Move the card to a different pile when you can recite the right response so that you can concentrate on the questions you don’t know the answer to.

In the days and hours before an exam or a paper is due, keep going over the cards. By doing so, you have a better chance of storing the knowledge in your long-term memory.

List all of the significant dates: memorize history

Take note of important dates in your readings, in your class notes, and on any handouts you may have received. Organize this data into a list, and be sure to preserve the dates in the correct order. For instance, to recall the chronology of American involvement in the Vietnam War, emphasize important dates and occasions from May 7, 1954, when Vietnamese forces engaged the French at Dien Bien Phu, to March 1973, when the last American soldiers left South Vietnam, bringing an unresolved conflict to an end.

Timelines are particularly useful for describing wars, political upheavals, and scientific or medical discoveries since these events frequently take place over a period of time that is fast-paced, factually dense, and builds on itself.

Put together your timeline: memorize history

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From one end of the page to the other, draw a straight line. Then, start entering your dates in the order of the earliest to the latest. Next to each date, doodle a box, and start filling it up with the important details you need to remember. Make careful to mention significant individuals, occasions, and locations.

Give yourself enough of room to enter all the necessary information.

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World History: How to get familiar with ‘Big History’

World History: How to get familiar with ‘Big History’

According to scholars, the Middle East is where written history first emerged some 5,000 years ago. The United Nations now recognizes close to 200 countries, each of which has a diverse population of ethnicities, cultures, and languages within its ever-evolving borders. The world history concerns us all. To a little of world history is to know the world in entirety.

Where should a World Cultures or World History teacher start, other than randomly dropping your finger onto a rotating globe or throwing a dart at a timeline? The world’s history is frequently presented in textbooks as a timeline of incidents. Others examine topics like science, agriculture, or religion from a thematic perspective.

Creation of big history: world history

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Big history is in some significant ways similar to conventional creation stories even though it makes use of contemporary, scientific evidence. In order to craft plausible tales that helped people get their bearings in place and time, these also made use of the finest information that was available in the civilizations in which they were developed. They provided people with maps of space and time so they could declare, “That’s where I am,” and that is what gave them such power.

Yet, creation myths are not original. You may find maps of this kind in all the major religious and cultural traditions. People have tried to understand human history as part of the larger story of the whole Universe within all these traditions.

“Universal histories”

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In every period, historians have endeavored to write “universal histories”. It becomes increasingly obvious that the great history endeavor is not all that original. The most well-known attempt of the 20th century is perhaps H. G. Wells’ Outline of History, which was released shortly after World War I. Wells was horrified by what was occurring during World War I, which inspired him to write the novel. When he examined the historians, he discovered that rather than aiding humanity in averting such crises in the future, each of them provided a form of tribal myth that promoted tribalism and violence.

Could a larger narrative be found that would promote a feeling of human unity? H. G. Wells was searching for that. His theory was that if you tried to write a unified history that included human history in bigger histories, you’d find a bigger story.

Science and big history: world history

Regrettably, a lot of the science that makes large history possible now, including all the dating techniques that allow us now to put absolute dates on events in the remote past, wasn’t accessible when he wrote. Since his time, huge history has been conceivable in a way it was not before, because of a complete sequence of scientific advancements in the middle of the 20th century.

Strangely, “universal histories” have fallen out of favor in recent years despite the fact that they are now feasible in a way they weren’t before. About all of the emphasis in modern education is placed on specialized knowledge. For instance, the majority of history research and teaching focuses on the last 2,000 years, primarily the previous 300 or 400 years.

Seldom do biologists, geologists, or astronomers collaborate closely with historians, leading to a disjointed understanding of reality. This is what we appear to be teaching in the majority of our schools and universities: an uncoherent image of reality where you learn a little bit of chemistry, a little bit of history, a little bit of this, a little bit of that.

Something of everything

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The modern world’s disjointed understanding of reality is deeply disappointing. In a book about the beginnings of life that a physicist authored in 1944, the issue and its resolution are very well described. Erwin Schrödinger, who lived from 1887 to 1961, was the physicist. After delivering a number of talks on the subject in Dublin in 1943, he produced a book about the beginnings of life.

Schrödinger was well aware that while being a pioneer of quantum physics and a scientist, he was not competent to write a book about life. Yet, he asserted that a shared knowledge of reality was essential and that to achieve it, academics needed to be willing to work across disciplines.

Big history aims to fill the void left by Schrödinger’s need for a more comprehensive explanation of reality. Please keep in mind that this is just one effort at telling the tale. We may envision a wide range of future strategies with various accents. We can envision versions made by geologists, astronomers, and biologists. They might both present the same basic story, but they will differ in key ways.

Bonus for you: best world history books

THE SILK ROADS: A NEW HISTORY OF THE WORLD BY PETER FRANKOPAN

The Silk Roads, which connected nations in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and all the way to China. These were an essential component of trade between the East and the West. It was extremely significant because along the road. Not only were products traded, but also ideas that helped spread Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. This book explores how these places came to be as they are today by tracing the history of the nations. That make up the Road and focusing our attention more on the East. These regions served as the nexus of civilization and contributed to history in a way that is frequently overlooked in favour of a more Eurocentric perspective.

SALT: A WORLD HISTORY BY MARK KURLANSKY

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The sheer quantity of proverbs that are based on the idea of salt.  That shows how important salt has been throughout human history. It is a basic requirement for food and essential to human health. It is also a part of many folktales and belief systems. Here, Matt Kurlansky explores salt’s role in human history. Including the conflicts fought over it, its use as money, the laws enacted during colonialism. And how its role in food preservation made salt essential to human life. But, in other circumstances, such as with the Egyptians, it was also helpful in keeping bodies preserved. And for the more daring among us. There are some old recipes that focused on the usage of salt.

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The worst calamities that history witnessed

The worst calamities that history witnessed

Since the dawn of civilization, worst calamities have been a part of life on Earth, but the death tolls from the oldest of these worst calamities have been lost to history. According to a 2020 study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, the Minoan civilization was completely wiped out around 1600 B.C. on the ancient Mediterranean island of Thera (currently Santorini, Greece). But precisely how many people perished? The answer is unknown.

ALEPPO EARTHQUAKE: worst calamities

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On October 11, 1138, tremors started to be felt beneath the Syrian city of Aleppo. The city is vulnerable to temblors because it is at the meeting point of the African and Arabian plates, but this one was exceptionally destructive. Although the exact size of the earthquake is lost to history, chroniclers of the time noted that Aleppo’s citadel and many of the city’s homes collapsed. According to a 2004 paper in the journal Annals of Geophysics, the historian who reported the death toll may have confused the Aleppo earthquake with one that occurred in what is now the modern-day Eurasian nation of Georgia. The death toll is estimated to be around 230,000, but that number comes from the 15th century.

INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

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A devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 that occurred off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 26, 2004, is tied for tenth place. Almost 230,000 people were murdered and nearly 2 million people were affected by the earthquake’s enormous tsunami, which hit 14 South Asian and East African nations. Residents had little time to flee to higher ground since the tsunami, which could reach land at up to 500 mph (804 kph), arrived only 15 to 20 minutes after the earthquake.

A humanitarian aid organization called World Vision claims that the tsunami wave was over 100 feet (30 meters) high in several areas, particularly in Indonesia, which was most severely affected.

TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE: worst calamities

The Chinese city of Tangshan was destroyed by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 at 3:42 in the morning on July 28, 1976, according to a report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Almost 240,000 people lost their lives at Tangshan, an industrial city with a population of about 1 million at the time of the accident. Although this was the reported death toll, some experts believe that it is significantly understated and that the actual number of fatalities was probably closer to 700,000. According to reports, 85% of Tangshan’s buildings fell, and tremors could be felt more than 100 miles (180 km) away in Beijing, China. It took several years for Tangshan to be reconstructed to its former splendour.

HAIYUAN EARTHQUAKE

On December 16, 1920, an earthquake that struck Haiyuan County in north-central China also shook the nearby provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi. On the Richter scale, it was allegedly a 7.8, although China now says it was an 8.5. Also, there are differences in the number of fatalities. According to a 2010 study by Chinese seismologists, the death toll may have reached as high as 273,400. The USGS estimated that there were 200,000 overall victims. According to a 2020 study published in the journal Landslides, the region’s heavy concentrations of loess soils (a porous, silty material that is particularly unstable) caused major landslides that were responsible for almost 30,000 of these deaths.

CORINGA CYCLONE: worst calamities

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According to the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, the Coringa cyclone made landfall at the port city of Coringa on India’s Bay of Bengal on November 25, 1839, whipping up a storm surge of 40 feet (12 m). The hurricane’s category and wind speed are unknown, as is the case with many storms that occurred before the 20th century. Together with the estimated 300,000 lives lost, about 20,000 ships and boats were sunk.

HAITI EARTHQUAKE

One of the three deadliest earthquakes in recorded history was the horrific magnitude 7.0 earthquake that rocked Haiti on January 12, 2010, just northwest of Port-au-Prince.

Since Haiti is one of the most impoverished nations in the Western Hemisphere and has only seen a few significant earthquakes. It is particularly vulnerable to damage and casualties. Three million individuals may have been impacted by the earthquake. Estimates of the death toll varied widely. Initially, the Haitian government put the number of dead at 230,000, but in January 2011, they increased it to 316,000. Over 160,000 deaths were reported in a 2010 study that was published in the journal Medicine, Conflict and Survival; however, the USGS reported even lower figures, around 100,000.

BHOLA CYCLONE

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On November 12–13, 1970, this tropical cyclone made landfall in East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh. The storm’s maximum sustained winds. According to NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division were 130 mph (205 kph). Which is the equivalent of a Category 4 major hurricane according to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale. A storm surge measuring 35 feet (10.6 meters) poured over the low-lying islands. Lining the Gulf of Bengal before it made landfall, resulting in extensive flooding.

And the failure to evacuate. The difficulty of precisely determining the death toll. SHAANXI EARTHQUAKE: worst calamities

According to the Science Museums of China, the quake, known as the “Jiajing Great Earthquake”. After the emperor whose reign it happened in, destroyed a 621-square-mile (1,000-square-kilometer) portion of the nation. As the yaodong, or cave dwellings dug into the region’s loess plateaus. Which fell, an estimated 830,000 people perished.  But, geophysicists of the present day estimate it to have been approximately magnitude 8.

YELLOW RIVER FLOOD: worst calamities

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Due to a number of dikes constructed to control the river as it flowed through farmland in central China. The Yellow River (Huang He) in that country. These dikes had become progressively more silted over time. Raising the river’s elevation. According to the “Encyclopaedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies”. When the river swelled in September 1887 due to severe rains. It overflowed these dikes and flooded 5,000 square miles (12,949 square km). Of the nearby low-lying area (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008).

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History: how to get good in the subject

History: how to get good in the subject

One of the disciplines that the majority of students find dull is history. However occasionally it is a subject that must be studied, thus students must do their best to do so. While some students are not interested in studying history, many students who are good at their studies nevertheless struggle with learning history. History is a broad subject, and as we all know, it is full of names, locations, and dates. It is also difficult to memorize everything at once. Yet, different resources and study techniques are needed for every subject.

Learning about history can be incredibly fascinating and enjoyable. This tutorial is intended for you if you’re interested in learning how to learn history in enjoyable ways.

History won’t be a headache for you any longer if you approach it with the appropriate methods and advice. It teaches us how these changes are made and how the society in which we live came to be, making history a very significant subject. History focuses on how the past influenced the present, the future, and so forth. Understanding the roots of our cultures via history fosters a greater understanding of other civilizations. Together with numerous other factors.

A person who excels in studying history can significantly improve today’s way of life. Because he considers the past before discussing and enhancing the present. Students that study history typically have a focus in mind, whether it be military history, art history, education history, ancient history, or any other branch of history. It becomes challenging to recall all of these focuses at once because each one contains many important facts, such as years, names, and locations. There are certain useful tricks and tactics that might help you retain the information with ease in order to memorize all of these. Check out the below advice and methods as we examine them.

Become an expert in history

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You may not enjoy studying a subject at times if it is not in your area of expertise or interest. So, it’s crucial that you enjoy history before beginning to learn or study it. There are only a few pointers and tricks to remember before adding it to your domain. Knowing your objective is most important.

Be ready to understand dates

If you don’t enjoy recalling dates, please excuse me, but you might have some trouble doing your best in a history exam. Keep scrolling to learn how to memorize dates even better.

Do not be biased: learn history

We begin to get biased towards something when it becomes our favorite subject or topic. Simply avoid doing that. That hurts how well you perform. In order to make our point obvious, let’s use the example of someone who enjoys learning about historical structures rather than the owners of those structures. In this case, you would only have access to half the information. Have an open mind and try to learn everything.

Manage your time

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Time is required to excel in any topic. When studying a subject like history, more time is needed than usual. Use time management techniques such as dividing your subject into subsidiaries and those subsidiaries into quarter-subsidiaries before allocating a time period to each topic.

Practice, quizzes and tests: learn history

The secret is to practice. You will be able to learn history more effectively the more quizzes and assessments you take. When you are putting time and effort into perfecting something, you steal the show. You can use quizzes to study history as well as to learn about the format of the test or the potential difficulty of the questions.

Know what to do: learn history

A mind map is created when your thoughts are spoken ejected. Mind map is the only sure-fire method for learning history. A mind map does a wonder that might none instrument could ever do. Create a mind map to win the contest.

Explore before and after 19th century

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Every coin has two sides, just like the history of the period prior to and following the 19th century. History before the 19th century was entirely different, and history after the 19th century was the exact reverse. And a good student of history is aware of both sides of the narrative, not just one. Also, certain historical events had connections even if they took place in separate centuries, so how could you become an expert in history if you didn’t study the whole thing?

Conceptualize with visuals: learn history

You may occasionally read about an event yet be unable to identify it from a picture. Alas! Such an enormous let-down. because a student of history must be familiar with everything. Learning is made even more fascinating and thrilling by visual examples. You can be highly confident about your views and occurrences. Isn’t that wonderful?

Highlight important details

Mark all the significant dates and events with a brilliant yellow highlighter, a burst of pink, or an intense orange. As you come across each significant detail, mark it with a color and make a note of it. When you are finally getting ready for boards, this will help.

Footnotes and dog-eared pages: learn history

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Your text should have annotations and footnotes, and the relevant pages should be dog-eared. You can also create a dog-ear by folding the corner of essential pages or writing a summary of the chapter in bullet form on a flashcard.

They improve memory and make learning simple. You’ll be able to complete modifications more quickly if you do this first.

Build timeline to connect

The history textbook is replete with dates and events in every chapter. They become difficult to remember. Make a cumulative chronology of all the events that have occurred rather than learning about each one separately. Drawing connections to textual passages helps to emphasize a point and provide a summary.

Visual cues: learn history

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It is simpler to remember things when they are connected to visual signals. Make use of visual signals rather than rote learning. Such visual mnemonics promote memory and foster longer-lasting associations with information. Your brain makes more connections with the cues’ content and memorizes information more quickly.

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Quantum Realm: Mind-boggling things you should know

Quantum Realm: Mind-boggling things you should know

Quantum realm over time has attracted attention of not only scientists but makers of science fiction movies. This is interesting place to explore and know about. Join us in this article to discover the quantum realm.

The world of quantum is lumpy: quantum realm

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There are many parallels between the quantum world and shoes. You can’t just walk into a store and choose a pair of sneakers that perfectly fit your feet. You are compelled to pick from pairs that have fixed sizes.

The world of the atom is comparable. For demonstrating that energy is quantized, Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize. Similar to how shoes can only be bought in multiples of half a size, energy is only available in multiples of the same “quanta.”. The quanta in question is the Planck constant, so called in honor of quantum physicist Max Planck. He was attempting to resolve an issue with our comprehension of the sun and other hot objects.

Both wave and particle: quantum realm

Since J. J. Thomson discovered that electrons are particles, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906. The discovery that electrons are waves, however, earned his son George the 1937 Nobel Prize. Who was correct? The two of them are the solution. The foundation of quantum physics is what is known as the wave-particle duality. Both electrons and photons are affected by it. Thoughts of light as electromagnetic waves are sometimes advantageous; it is sometimes more beneficial to consider them as tiny particles known as photons.

In addition to focusing light waves from far-off stars, a telescope also serves as a massive light bucket for photon collection. It also implies that light can apply pressure on an item as photons collide with it.

An object; two places; same time

Superposition is demonstrated by wave-particle duality. It is a quantum object that exists in several states at once. For instance, an electron exists concurrently in both locations. Only after we conduct an experiment to determine its location does it settle into one or the other.

As a result, probability science is created out of quantum physics. After we look, we can only speculate as to which condition an object is most likely to be in. A mathematical concept known as the wave function has these chances. The wave function is said to “collapse” when an observation is made, eradicating the superposition and reducing the object to just one of its many potential states.

Into the multiverse: quantum realm

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The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics holds that observation causes the wave function to collapse and compels a quantum ‘choice. It’s not the only choice available, though. According to proponents of the “many worlds” interpretation, there is absolutely no decision to be made. Instead, reality splits into two versions of itself at the point of measurement, one in which we experience outcome A and the other in which we observe outcome B come to pass. It avoids the tricky question of whether a dog or a robot counts as an observer when something needs to happen.

Instead, there is just one extremely bizarre reality made up of numerous entangled layers as far as a quantum particle is concerned.

Characterizing stars: quantum realm

Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, demonstrated to us that electron orbits within atoms are likewise quantized. They are available in fixed dimensions known as energy levels. A photon with an energy equal to the width of the gap is released when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. A particle of light can also be absorbed by an electron, which can then harness that energy to advance to a higher energy state.

Astronomers frequently employ this effect. We can discern missing colors when we divide a star’s light into a spectrum like a rainbow, and this allows us to determine what the star is comprised of.

Quantum tunnelling

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Nuclear fusion is the method used by the sun to produce energy. The positively charged protons in an atom must cling together for this to occur. Yet, they repel one another due to their equal charges, acting similarly to the two north poles of a magnet. It resembles a wall between the two protons and is known as the Coulomb barrier in physics.

Consider protons as particles that just slam into the wall before dispersing: No fusion, no sun. Nevertheless, if you consider them as waves, the situation changes. The leading edge of the wave has already passed through when the wall is reached by its crest.

Where the proton is most likely to be is represented by the height of the wave. In light of this, even though it is improbable to be present there, it occasionally is. Fusion takes place as if the proton has broken through the barrier. Physicists call this effect “quantum tunnelling”.

Pauli exclusion principle: quantum realm

Our star will eventually stop fusing fuel, and the sun will cease to exist. Gravity will eventually cause the sun to collapse, but not permanently. As it gets smaller, more material is crammed inside. Eventually, the quantum physics concept known as the Pauli exclusion principle comes into play. According to this, some particle types, like electrons, are not permitted to dwell in the same quantum state. Degeneracy pressure is the name given by astronomers to the resistance that gravity encounters when attempting to do just that. Once the collapse is over, a brand-new white dwarf, an object the size of Earth, appears.

Boundary of a black hole: quantum realm

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It is impossible to concurrently fully understand two properties of a system, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, a quantum law. The more clearly you understand one, the less precisely you understand the other. This holds true for both momentum and position as well as for energy and time individually.

It resembles getting a loan in certain ways. You can borrow a lot of money for a brief period of time or a little money for a longer period of time. Virtual particles are the result of this. A pair of particles can momentarily form if sufficient energy is “borrowed” from nature, then vanish quickly so as not to miss payments.

Stephen Hawking thought that this process would take place at a black hole’s edge, where one particle would escape (as Hawking radiation) and the other would be sucked in. As it doesn’t pay back the whole amount it has borrowed, the black hole steadily disappears over time.

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Environmental Risks: World’s top concerns

Environmental Risks: World’s top concerns

With development, the world also runs at a risk of environmental risks. Join us in this discussion of environmental risks. Let us help and make people aware.

Bycatch and loss of marine life: environmental risks

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Bycatch, or the accidental capture of non-target species including dolphins, marine turtles, and seabirds, occurs wherever there is fishing. Every day, thousands of kilometres of nets and lines are deployed in the waters of the world. Current fishing equipment is particularly effective at catching the desired fish species—as well as anything else in its path—and is frequently invisible to the naked eye and very strong. When dragged up with the catch, a staggering amount of marine life is killed or left for dead before being dumped overboard.

Leaders in the fishing sector are becoming more and more aware of the need to stop this situation. There are tried-and-true remedies, such adjusting fishing gear to prevent non-target species from being caught or escaping. These alterations are frequently quick and affordable, and they frequently originate from the fishermen themselves.

Deforestation and degradation

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Forests cover 31% of the earth’s land surface. By cleansing the water and air and creating jobs, for instance, they assist people in thriving and surviving. Around 13.2 million people worldwide work in the forest sector, and an additional 41 million have jobs that are related to it. In addition, many creatures depend on woods. More than 75 percent of all land-based life inhabits forests. Since they serve as a carbon sink, forests are essential for preventing climate change because they absorb carbon dioxide that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere and contribute to a continuing change in weather patterns.

Yet, the world’s forests are under danger, putting these advantages in jeopardy. Deforestation and forest degradation are the threats that take shape. Agriculture is the primary driver of deforestation (although poorly designed infrastructure is also becoming a significant hazard), and illegal logging is the primary driver of forest degradation. The tropics lost trees at a rate of almost 30 soccer fields per minute in 2019.

Because tropical rain forests are the home to much of the world’s biodiversity, deforestation there is of special concern. In the Amazon region, deforestation is more prevalent close to more populous areas, highways, and rivers, but even distant places have been invaded when lucrative resources like mahogany, gold, and oil have been found.

Consequences of climate change: environmental risks

Oceans are warming and sea levels are rising. Longer and more severe droughts pose a threat to crops, wildlife, and freshwater resources. Climate change poses a threat to the diversity of species on our planet, including polar bears in the Arctic and sea turtles off the coast of Africa.

Climate change poses a serious threat to the places, creatures, and way of life that WWF works to protect. If we have to  manage this calamity, we must immediately reduce carbon pollution and prepare for the results of global warming, which we are already facing.

Illegal fishing

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With an annual import of more than 5.3 billion pounds of seafood valued at over $18 billion, the US is one of the major markets for seafood. Sadly, there is an issue with the fish that ends up on our plates. Currently, we simply cannot determine whether the fish we consume was lawfully caught since our regulations do not provide for a clear chain of custody from bait to plate.

Nonetheless, there is a strong desire for change. The Seafood Import Monitoring Program was formally formed by the US government in December 2016 to address the market entry of products from illicit, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The new rule, which took effect on January 1, 2018, establishes reporting and record-keeping requirements for specific seafood products in an effort to stop seafood that has been illegally caught or misrepresented from entering US commerce. This program’s initial phase is applicable to a list of imported fish and fish products that have been determined to be more susceptible to fraud and criminal fishing.

Trading wildlife: environmental risks

Wildlife crime is a significant industry. Deadly international networks are involved in the trade in wildlife and animal parts, much like they are in the trafficking of illegal drugs and weapons. It is nearly impossible to find accurate estimates of the value of the illegal wildlife trade due to its very nature. The wildlife trade monitoring network, TRAFFIC, experts, put the value at billions of dollars.

Tiger and elephant hunting for their skins and bones and the removal of ivory from elephants are two instances of illegal wildlife trade. There are also many other species that are over farmed, such as timber trees and sea turtles. The capture or harvest of tens of thousands of different species of wild animals and plants leads to their legal marketing as food, pets, ornamental plants, leather, tourist trinkets, and medicines. When a growing fraction of the wildlife trade is illegal and unsustainable, it becomes a crisis since it directly jeopardizes the future of numerous species in the wild.

Development of oil and gas: environmental risks

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The Arctic and Virunga National Park in the Congo Basin, two of the most diverse. And significant regions on the globe. Both happen to have sizable  reserves of oil and gas. The ecology may suffer long-term harm as a result of the extraction of these oil and gas resources. Particularly, the discovery and production of oil and gas results in the interruption of migratory routes. The destruction of significant wildlife habitats, and oil spills. All of which have disastrous effects on the creatures and people who depend on these ecosystems.

Oil and gas exploration is currently scouring the most inaccessible and hostile regions of the planet. It uses , frequent  technology to extract gases from the earth’s inner part. Blowouts, pipeline leaks or breakdowns. And shipwrecks can all result in oil spills. Whether they occur in the Arctic, the Timor Sea, or the Congo Basin. These spills pose a major threat to ecosystems. Furthermore, there is no tested, better way to remove oil from ice in the Arctic.

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Major Current Environmental Problems

Major current environmental problems

Our surroundings are ever-changing. That much is without dispute. But, as our environment changes, so does the need for increased awareness of the problems it poses. People need to be aware of the various environmental problems our planet is facing due to the massive increase in natural disasters, warming and cooling periods, various types of weather patterns, and much more.

Our current way of life has made global warming an undeniable fact; the globe is warming up, and we are undoubtedly contributing to the issue. But this isn’t the only environmental issue with which we need to be concerned. People all throughout the world daily deal with a wide range of brand-new, difficult environmental issues. Others are radically changing the planet as we know it, while some of them are tiny and only slightly affect a few ecosystems.

Pollution: environmental problems

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There are seven major categories of pollution: air, water, soil, noise, radioactive, light, and thermal. These are the underlying issues that significantly affect our environment. These various forms of pollution are all interconnected and have an effect on one another. Thus, we have to deal with them all at once.

The cleaning up of soil, water, and air pollution takes millions of years. The two main categories of pollution are those from industry and vehicle exhaust. Heavy metals, nitrates, and plastic are among the pollutants that are caused by toxins.

Soil degradation

Whether or not the world’s soils are suitable for growing crops has an impact on food security. Almost 12 million hectares of cropland are substantially degraded each year, according to UN estimates.

Many factors can cause harm to soil. They include soil compaction, overgrazing, excessive exposure to pollutants, monoculture planting, erosion, and a host of other factors. Currently, there are several techniques for protecting and recovering soil, such as no-till farming, crop rotation, and building terraces to hold water.

Global warming: environmental problems

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Human activities like the emission of greenhouse gases cause climate changes like global warming. Natural disasters brought on by global warming include flooding, the melting of the polar ice caps, an increase in sea levels, and unusual patterns of precipitation such flash floods, storms, wildfires, droughts, heavy snowfall, or desertification.

Overpopulation: environmental problems

The world’s population is at unsustainable levels due to a lack of resources like water, fuel, and food. In less developed and developing nations, population growth is placing further pressure on already limited resources.

Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides used in intensive agriculture to grow food harm the environment. One of the most important modern environmental issues is overpopulation.

Depletion of natural sources

The depletion of natural resources is a major issue facing the environment today. Humans consume so many natural resources that about 1.5 Earths would be required to meet all of our demands.

Due to the rapid industrialization of Asian nations like China and India, this will rise even more in the future. Other environmental problems like industrialization, population increase, and air pollution are caused by a greater usage of natural resources.

An energy catastrophe will eventually result from the depletion of natural resources. Climate change is exacerbated by the toxins released by various natural resources. The primary cause of global warming and climate change is the production of greenhouse gases, which are produced when fossil fuels are burned.

Unsustainable waste: environmental problems

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The Earth is seriously threatened by the massive trash creation brought on by our extreme consumerism. According to the report, each person generates 4.3 pounds of rubbish each day, with the US alone producing 220 million tons of waste annually.

Due to this overconsumption, plastic packaging, hazardous chemicals, and toxic e-waste end up in our waterways as non-biodegradable rubbish.

Due to its tremendous potential for causing global warming, methane, one of the worst greenhouse gases, is produced in large quantities when this garbage is dumped in landfills. It poses serious explosion risks. Due to the accessibility of digital worlds made possible by current technology, the cloud can meet many of your needs. Carefully consider your purchases.

Disposing waste

A global trash disposal dilemma is being brought on by resource overuse and the production of plastics. Wealthy nations have a reputation for manufacturing large amounts of garbage and discarding it in the oceans and in less developed nations.

The disposal of nuclear waste carries serious health risks. Human health is threatened by fast food, packaging, cheap electronics, and plastic. So, one of the most pressing environmental issues today is waste disposal.

Deforestation: environmental problems

Our forests naturally absorb carbon dioxide, produce fresh oxygen, and aid in controlling temperature and precipitation. Nowadays, woods cover 30% of the area, but due to the rising population’s increased demand for food, shelter, and clothing, tree cover is declining at a rate equal to that of the entire country of Panama. Deforestation simply refers to the removal of vegetation to make land usable for domestic, commercial, or industrial purposes.

Melting of polar ice caps

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Polar ice caps are melting, which is a hotly debated topic. However, this increase is only one-third of what is being lost in the Arctic, despite NASA studies showing that the amount of ice in Antarctica is growing.

Sea levels are rising, and melting Arctic ice caps is a major factor, according to a sufficient body of evidence. Over time, extensive flooding, water contamination, and significant ecosystem changes could result from the melting of the polar ice caps.

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of biodiversity and extinction of species are both results of human action. When any species population is declining, ecosystems, which took millions of years to perfect, are under jeopardy.

The ecosystem’s survival depends on the balance of natural processes like pollination, which human activity threatens. Another illustration is the destruction of coral reefs, which support a variety of ocean life and are important for human survival.

Nitrogen cycle: environmental problems

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The consequences of human use of nitrogen are frequently disregarded. Every living need nitrogen as an essential element. When the nitrogen cycle is out of balance, issues arise.

Fixation is the method by which it is changed, or “fixed,” into a more useable state. The fixation can occur physiologically, by lightning, or through industrial means. In order to increase the quantity of nitrogen fixed naturally, people have learnt how to transform nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3-) and nitrogen-rich fertilizers.

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Wildest planets in the Milky Way: Universe facts

Wildest planets in the Milky Way: Universe facts

Our understanding of the deep space mysteries is continually expanding. There are wildest planets out there. The Perseverance rover landed on Mars in February 2021, and the first image of a black hole was revealed on April 2019. We are now able to examine light coming from the very beginnings of our universe thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope. It has given insight into many wildest planets in the universe. The first definitive proof of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet’s atmosphere was recorded by Webb in August 2022. The planet is a gas giant that orbits a Sun-like star 700 light-years away (but we do not yet have an image of it).

Even if these amazing mechanical achievements have increased our capacity to understand the universe, there is still a vast amount of space, including a great number of exoplanets in distant systems, that needs to be explored. Exoplanets, which are planets that are found outside of our solar system, can be incredibly bizarre. One might be the Earth’s twin, another resembles a rugby ball, and a third circles a supernova. Since 1992, we have found more than 5,000 exoplanets as a result of our constantly expanding view of the cosmos. In fact, the Kepler Telescope found that there are more exoplanets in our galaxy than stars. By measuring their diameters and masses, scientists can determine whether they are rocky, gaseous, ice, or streaming with lava, yet some still defy explanation.

TOI-1452b’s: wildest planets

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A “promising candidate for future atmospheric characterization” was recently discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope in this exoplanet orbiting a red dwarf star 100 light-years away. Researchers found this exoplanet because, like many others, it obstructs a portion of the star’s light whenever it passes in front of it.

Researchers can infer from this data that this planet is 70 percent larger than ours, giving it the moniker “super-Earth,” and that it revolves very quickly, once every 11 days or so. Its density would suggest that it has a deep ocean surface in addition to having a similar composition of rock and metal to our planet.

Remarkably, water might account for 30% of TOI-1452b’s mass, a much higher percentage than the planet’s 1% water mass.

WASP-39

The exoplanet WASP-39 b was thoroughly studied by Webb’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec), which also discovered convincing evidence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This gas, which is common on Earth, has never before been found on a planet outside of our solar system. It is possible to detect water and methane, which are signs of potential life, in the 3- to 5.5-micron range, which is in the infrared region of the transmission spectrum.

WASP-39 b, a hot gas giant 700 light-years away and with a surface temperature of almost 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, has a mass roughly one-quarter that of Jupiter but a diameter that is 1.3 times larger. It makes one lap around its Sun-like star every four Earth days due to its brisk orbit and near approach.

WASP-103 b: wildest planets

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The first non-spherical exoplanet discovered is WASP-103 b, which resembles a rugby ball. Tidal forces on the planet have pushed it into a rugby ball form, according to studies, as it whips around its star in less than a day.

The unusual planet within the constellation of Hercules was found by the Characterizing ExOPlanet Satellite, or Cheops, of the European Space Agency. WASP-103 b, which is twice the size of Jupiter, is quite close to its star, WASP-103, whose gravitational pull on it is constant. The planet’s apparent distance from its star seems to be increasing with each orbit, which is perhaps even more perplexing. Perhaps it’s too close to handle.

TYC 8998-760-1 b

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An incredibly young Sun-like star, only 17 million years old, is orbited by a gas giant. And its companion planet more than 300 light-years from Earth. Its planets must likewise be young. As we can detect from our ground-based telescopes. That they emit a light when they are still developing.

As a result, TYC 8998-760-1 b is a somewhat uncommon occurrence. Since, brightness typically at least partially conceals the planets themselves. This exoplanet was discovered by Chile’s Paranal Observatory in the Atacama Desert.

There is a possibility that TYC 8998-760-1 b is a brown dwarf. Which is a type of planet that is halfway between a failed star. And a typical planet in size and temperature. With a mass that is 14 times that of Jupiter, it is still a giant.

Barnard’s Star: wildest planets

The planets that Barnard’s Star lacks are more well-known than the ones it does have. I’ll explain. Since the 1960s, there has been a contentious debate in the astronomical community. About whether or not the star—the fourth closest to Earth—had planets. Right now, the answer is no. Nonetheless, for at least ten years after Peter van de Kamp made an official declaration in 1963. A lot of people held the mistaken belief that Barnard’s Star had two gas giants in orbit around it.

Van de Kamp persisted in his assertions, but Hubble observations in the late 1990s disproved them. But here’s the thing. Hubble didn’t rule out the possibility of planets around Barnard’s Star.

PSR B1257+12 A: wildest planets

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Throughout the past 20 years, planets around sun-like stars have been found. But, we have been aware of planets outside of our solar system for a while. They were simply fundamentally different from any solar system we had imagined. say, in the vicinity of a supernova remnant.

The record for the smallest exoplanet still belongs to the first one found. PSR B1257+12 A, also known as PSR B1257+12 b, is a pulsar-orbiting object that is hardly larger than the moon. In 1994, the planets in the system were found thanks to the drag they produced on their star of origin. The “most precise clocks in the cosmos” are pulsars, which are referred to as cosmic timekeepers. But, something was slightly off-centering PSR B1257+rhythm. 12’s.

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Exoplanets that could host alien life: Universe facts

Exoplanets that could host alien life: Universe facts

The list of planets with the best chances for supporting life outside of our solar system is available in the Habitable Exoplanets Catalogue as of April 2014. The ecosystems of these planets remain largely unexplored, and not all of them have been verified. Yet, the catalogue offers astrobiologists a fantastic starting point when discussing life that exists in other solar systems.

Since the first exoplanet was confirmed to be orbiting a sun-like star in 1995, more than 4,000 have been found, according to NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration page. More than half of these discoveries come from the NASA Kepler space observatory, which was launched in 2009 with the aim of figuring out the frequency of Earth-like planets throughout the Milky Way galaxy.

The University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo has listed the planets that are known to us and are most likely to contain extra-terrestrial life. Discover these mind blowing exoplanets here.

Kepler-186f: exoplanets

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The first truly Earth-sized exoplanet discovered in the habitable zone of its host star is Kepler-186f. The extra-terrestrial Planet, which is 490 light-years away from Earth, is just 10% larger and probably certainly made of rocky material.

Gliese 581

It’s a contentious discovery, this planet. Although it was found in 2010, getting it verified has proven to be challenging. The University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo continues to consider Gliese 581 to be the best candidate for extra-terrestrial life. If confirmed, this rocky planet is two to three times as large as Earth and is located around 20 light-years from the sun. It rotates approximately every 30 days around its parent star Gliese 581 in the constellation Libra.

Gliese 667Cc: exoplanets

Gliese 667Cc, another “super-Earth,” is a nearby object, only 22 light-years away in the constellation Scorpius. The planet takes 28 days to complete one circle of its parent star and is at least 4.5 times larger than Earth. The parent star, GJ 667C, is actually a triple-star system. The star has an approximate mass of the sun and is an M-class dwarf star.

Kepler-22b

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Kepler-22b is larger than Earth, but it orbits a star that is similar to the sun in terms of size and warmth. It is predicted that the surface temperature of Kepler-22b, which is 2.4 times the size of Earth and has a greenhouse effect similar to that of our planet, is 72 degrees Fahrenheit. This star system is located in the constellation Cygnus, 600 light-years from the sun.

HD 40307g

The habitable zone of its parent star is peacefully occupied by the super-Earth HD 40307g. It is located 42 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Pictor.  Future telescopes might be able to look at its surface because it is so close by. Just over half of the 93 million mile (156 million km) distance between the Sun and Earth, it orbits its parent star at a distance of 56 million miles (90 million km) (150 million kilometers.)

HD 85512b: exoplanets

HD 85512b was one of 50 planets discovered by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher instrument, or HARPS, in Chile, and was first reported in 2011. This planet has a mass that is roughly 3.6 times that of Earth. It lives in the constellation Vela, about 35 light years from the sun (the Sail). Researchers believe that one day it may be feasible to tell whether there is water present on its surface.

Tau Ceti e: exoplanets

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The distance between Earth and the planet candidate Tau Ceti e, which was discovered in December 2012, is only 11.9 light-years. A “super-Earth” at least 4.3 times as large as Earth is this world. Tau Ceti e might either be a moderately hot planet suitable for simple life or an extremely hot planet like Venus, depending on its atmosphere.

Gliese 163c: exoplanets

Gliese 163c is in a grey area due to its bulk. The planet, which is seven times as massive as Earth, may be a dwarf gas giant or a very huge rocky planet. The distant planet Gliese 163c, which is 50 light-years away, rotates around its weak star every 26 days. Its progenitor star is in the constellation of Dorado.

Gliese 581d: exoplanets

According to at least one study, Gliese 581d might contain a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide. It is the sister planet of the similarly potentially habitable Gliese 581g, which is nearly seven times as large as Earth and circles a red dwarf star. Gliese 581d is only 20 light-years from Earth, making it practically a neighbour.

Tau Ceti f: exoplanets

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Like its twin Tau Ceti e, Tau Ceti f is a potential super-Earth, but it orbits very near the outer boundary of Tau Ceti’s habitable zone. Tau Ceti f, which has a mass at least 6.6 times that of Earth, might support life if its atmosphere retains a considerable quantity of heat.

Proxima Centauri b

The closest exoplanet to Earth, Proxima Centauri b, is barely four light-years away, according to NASA Exoplanet Exploration. The mass of the exoplanet is 1.27 times higher than that of Earth.

The exoplanet is close to the habitable zone of the Proxima Centauri star, but is exposed to strong UV radiation. This is brought on by its 11.2-day short orbital period and close proximity to its parent star.

Discovering alien earth: exoplanets

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Astronomers have long dreamed of finding the first real “alien Earth”. And recent exoplanet discoveries have demonstrated the galaxy is full of small, rocky worlds similar to our own. A planet must circle in the “habitable zone” of its star. Which is informally defined as a region where water can exist on a world’s surface in liquid form. And be relatively tiny (and so rocky), in order to be considered potentially life-friendly. Other aspects, like the planet’s atmosphere and its parent star’s level of activity, will be taken into account as telescope technology advances.

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Ways Scientists Can Help During The COVID-19

Ways scientists can help during the COVID-19

The coronavirus epidemic has forced decision-makers, community leaders, and regular citizens to carefully consider what creates healthy and resilient communities. The pre-pandemic catastrophes of climate change, food insecurity, and social injustice have all been made people reevaluate their approaches to dealing with them. At its inter-sessional panel for 2020–2021, scheduled for January 18–22, the UN Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD) will discuss how to make science and technology work for everyone in order to meet these issues. Scientists have crucial role to play. Scientists can help in tackling the problem in various ways.

The first examines how innovation, science, and technology can be leveraged to bridge the gap on SDG3’s goal of promoting health and wellbeing. The second examines how blockchain technology might contribute to sustainable development.

Collaboration at an international level: scientists and COVID-19

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Since the COVID-19 outbreak, scientists from various nations have worked together mostly in accordance with the tenet of “open science,” which promotes the free and open sharing of information.

Open research collaborations, particularly the mapping of the virus’s genome, were important in the creation of the COVID-19 vaccinations currently being used in a number of nations.

Governments must band together in solidarity to make sure that everyone, especially the poorest, has access to the vaccines, according to Shamika N. Sirimanne, director of technology and logistics for UNCTAD. “In the same way that the development of the vaccines greatly benefited from scientists collaborating in unity for a common cause, governments must also unite in solidarity,” she said.

Keeping unexpected outcomes at bay: scientists and COVID-19

Digital health technologies carry a number of unanticipated dangers that may have an impact on the resiliency of social, cultural, and political institutions. Experts advise tempering and controlling these to the greatest extent possible.

For instance, it may be challenging to find trustworthy and credible information about the COVID-19 pandemic due to “infodemics,” the overflow of incorrect health information online.

The risk is rising in the domain of digital technologies like blockchain. Blockchain technology is widely used in the cryptocurrency industry, with Bitcoin being the most well-known. During the first week of 2021, the price of Bitcoin surpassed the $40,000 barrier and hit an all-time high, only to fall by more than 20% the following week.

Although cryptocurrencies hold great promise for ensuring financial inclusion for underserved populations, there is an increasing need to guard against systemic risk from speculative actions that blow asset bubbles.

For instance, if investors incur debt to buy significant amounts of cryptocurrency using fiat currency (such as the US dollar or euro), and there is a devaluation in the exchange rate – as is clearly the case right now – this could result in payment defaults in the relevant fiat currency, potentially resulting in personal financial ruin.

Public health authority: scientists and COVID-19

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Listen to advice from your local public health authority, and spread them within your own networks. Social distancing and #FlattenTheCurve are not well-known concepts. Use this chance to explain medical language to your loved ones, dispel myths, and explain why basic precautions like washing your hands are so important in this pandemic.

Donate PPE: scientists and COVID-19

Provide any personal protective equipment (PPE) you may have in the lab for donation. Consider giving unused PPE supplies to the neighbourhood hospitals if you have some in your lab. The #GetUsPPE campaign lists organizations to which you can give.

Donate instruments and reagents

In many regions, a scarcity of crucial chemicals and resources is holding back COVID-19 testing. Aim to provide resources whenever you can in response to requests for reagents from your institution or the regional public health authority. As an illustration, the RNA Society is compiling a list of supplies in the US.

Examining the information: scientists and COVID-19

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Examine the preprints. Pre-prints about COVID-19 are presently flooding platforms like the Outbreak Science Rapid PREreview, bioRxiv, and medRxiv. Consider reviewing contributions, offering suggestions, and highlighting any issues. It can be really effective at providing right information to all people.

Contribute in research

Contribute your talents to the COVID-19 research community. Using programs like Crowdfight COVID-19 and the COVID-19 Pandemic Shareable Scientist Reaction Database, COVID19 researchers are able to work with volunteer scientists on activities like data transcription and image annotation.

Challenge yourself to a COVID-19 task

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Many competitions have been started, such the $200,000 Code Life Ventilator Challenge and the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge, which aim to develop text mining algorithms to extract data from a corpus of machine-readable literature. Get your colleagues together and think about taking on a challenge right now.

Give away your computer resources

To learn more about the COVID19 coronavirus, including its structure and folding, Folding@Home is running simulations. Downloading the desktop application and contributing computer resources will enable the team to run additional simulations.

Answering the queries

Offer to assist ChatBots in answering COVID-19 queries. The COVID-19 Ask-A-Scientist ChatBot service was created by the Federation of American Scientists, the New Jersey Office of Innovation, and the Governance Lab.  The Jennifer COVID-19 Chatbot was created by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). You can volunteer to respond to inquiries and add to the ChatBot’s knowledge base.

Editing and updating Wikipedia

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Edit COVID-19-related Wikipedia pages. During this pandemic, the public is looking to Wikipedia for information; the main COVID-19 pandemic article has had over 10 million page views. You can access COVID-19-related sites to add and validate information by creating an account.

Virtually share your study: scientists and COVID-19

In order to engage pupils who are at home, virtually share your study.  Consider registering with websites like Skype A Scientist. Which will connect you with families interested in learning more about your area of expertise.

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Venus: Interesting facts you must know

Venus: Interesting facts you must know

The second planet from the sun and closest planetary neighbour to Earth, Venus, is peculiar in many respects. The scorching, hellish planet revolves backward and may contain life within its impenetrable clouds.

It is frequently referred to as “Earth’s twin” since the two planets are comparable in size and density and are the sixth largest in the solar system. So don’t be deceived; although appearing to be similar, they are drastically dissimilar in practically every other way.

Venus has days that are longer than a year.

Venus takes longer to complete one rotation on its axis than it does to complete one orbit around the Sun. Just 224.7 Earth days are needed to complete an orbit around the Sun, which is the shortest orbital period of any planet in the Solar System at 243 Earth days.

Venus is hotter than Mercury

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Although being further from the Sun than Mercury, 462°C is the mean temperature there. This is due to Venus’ atmosphere having a high carbon dioxide concentration, which has a strong greenhouse effect. The planet’s temperature is substantially higher than its closeness to the Sun would imply due to heat being held in the atmosphere like a blanket.

Venus’ axis rotates in a clockwise direction.

All other planets orbit the Sun in an anticlockwise path and rotate anticlockwise on their axes. Despite having an odd axis rotation due to being upside down after being pushed off its upright posture earlier in its history, Venus also circles the Sun anticlockwise. According to astronomers, Venus was tilted so far from its original position by a collision with another celestial body that it is now upside down. The only other planet that rotates strangely is Uranus, which spins on its side due to an earlier impact that likely caused it.

The bright Venus

After the Moon, Venus is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky. Venus’ atmosphere, which is reflective and shiny due to the Sulphur acid clouds, blocks our view of its surface. Its brightness makes it visible even during the day – if it’s clear and you know where to look.

The earliest discovery

Although Venus is visible to the unaided eye, it is impossible to pinpoint the person who discovered the planet. Venus was the first planet whose motions were mapped across the sky as early as the second millennium BC. The uncommon Venus transit, in which the planet seems to cross in front of the Sun, has also allowed us to track Venus’ travels over the years.

Clunky etymology

Often, we pronounce Venerian as “Venusian.” According to the standards of Latin, we should use the adjective “venerean” to characterize anything having to do with Venus. The word “venereal” is considered to be too near to this. Despite its awkward derivation, the word “Venusian” is more frequently employed.

The historical Venus

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Venus research dates back to 1600 BCE with the ancient Babylonians. They observed multiple planets and stars as they moved. The earliest known astronomical record is a 21-year-old Venus journal kept in Babylonia. Ancient civilizations like the Mayans and Greeks all had significant representations of Venus in their mythologies. The Roman goddess of love and beauty is where the term “Venus” originates.

Venus pressurizes

The intense pressures on the surface of Venus are just one of many factors that make walking about their intolerable. A pressure created by the atmosphere that is nearly 90 times greater than that on Earth is comparable to the pressure found around 0.6 miles (one kilometer) beneath the surface of the ocean.

Venus is like Earth

Venus is extremely similar to Earth when compared just on the basis of its physical characteristics. They are about the same in size and density, have comparable compositions, and appear to have relatively new surfaces that are encircled by a cloudy atmosphere. But, it’s important to note that the majority of Venus’ clouds contain sulfuric acid, which isn’t something you want falling on you!

Phases of Venus

Venus goes through various phases, just like the moon. Every nine and a half months or so, Venus switches from being a “morning star” to a “evening star” as it revolves around the sun within Earth’s orbit. It fluctuates between various illumination percentages during this time, which is a characteristic that everyone typically associated with the moon.

Rarity of ‘transits’

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One of the two planets that revolve around the sun in Earth’s orbit is Venus. These two planets, together with Mercury, can occasionally pass in front of the sun, casting shadows that occasionally travel across the sun over the course of hours. These trips are called “transits,” and Venus is known to make them in pairs, with more than a century separating them. This makes it an extremely unusual occurrence.

It’s a king-size oven

Venus is the sun’s hottest planet, hotter even than Mercury’s dayside, which reaches temperatures of 801 degrees Fahrenheit (427 degrees Celsius). Venus’ dense, carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere effectively retains the heat, resulting in surface temperatures greater than 880 degrees Fahrenheit (470 degrees C).

Many volcanoes

In addition to having the most volcanoes on its surface of any planet in the solar system, it has a hellish appearance. There are 1,500 active volcanoes known to exist on Earth, while Mars is most renowned for having Olympus Mons, the biggest volcano in the solar system. But even excluding the lesser ones or any that haven’t yet been discovered, it has around 1,600 large volcanoes that are known to exist.

Venus has no moon

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Our solar system’s only planets without their own moons are Venus and Mercury. Mercury’s lack of a moon is somewhat more reasonable. Given that any candidates would be adversely affected by its close proximity to the sun. And that it is even smaller than some of the known moons, such as Jupiter’s Ganymede and Saturn’s Titan. The explanation for its’ lack of a moon, according to some academics, is more complex.

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Biggest Unanswered Questions in Physics

Biggest Unanswered Questions in Physics

If Isaac Newton appeared from the past, he would be overjoyed to see how far physics had advanced and had answered unanswered questions. Topics that were once highly mysterious are now covered in introductory physics courses (the composition of stars is one good example).

Huge experiments like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Switzerland would astound Newton. He would also likely be miffed to find that Einstein’s theory of gravity has supplanted Newton’s. Although modern scientists share his opinion, he would likely find quantum mechanics odd.

Formation of matter: unanswered questions

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We are aware that matter is formed of atoms, and that protons, neutrons, and electrons make up each atom. We also know that quarks, which are smaller particles, make up protons and neutrons. Will going further reveal even more fundamental particles? We are unsure for sure.

The Standard Model of particle physics, which is what we do have, is extraordinarily effective at explaining the interactions between subatomic particles. The existence of previously unidentified particles has also been predicted using the Standard Model. The Higgs boson was the last particle to be identified in this manner; it was found by LHC physicists in 2012.

Weird gravity: unanswered questions

Gravity is the most familiar force since it maintains our feet on the earth.  But compared to the other three forces known to science, gravity is a trillion times less (electromagnetism and the two kinds of nuclear forces that operate over tiny distances).

One hypothesis is that there are hidden extra dimensions that are “curled up” in a way that makes them difficult to see in addition to the three dimensions of space that we regularly observe. Why gravity looks so faint to us might be explained if these extra dimensions are real and if gravity can “leak” into them.

Why does it seem like time moves in only one direction?: unanswered questions

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Since Einstein, space and time have been viewed by physicists as constituting a four-dimensional structure known as “spacetime.” But there are several very basic ways that space is different from time. Hence, have complete freedom to move around in space.  We age, not get younger. We also have trouble remembering the future. Physics experts refer to this favoured direction as the “arrow of time” because time, unlike space, appears to have one.

According to some physicists, the second rule of thermodynamics might hold the key.

The antimatter disappeared, but where?: unanswered questions

In fiction, antimatter may be more well-known than it is in reality. The warp drive that propels the U.S.S. Enterprise at faster-than-light velocities in the original Star Trek is powered by an interaction between antimatter and conventional matter. Contrary to popular belief, antimatter exists in the actual world. We are aware that an identical particle with the opposite electrical charge can exist for every particle of conventional matter. For instance, an antiproton is a proton with a negative charge. The positively charged positron, on the other hand, is the antiparticle to the negatively charged electron.

In the lab, physicists have produced antimatter. But, they produce an equivalent amount of matter when they do. It implies that matter and antimatter must have been produced in equal amounts during the Big Bang.

What transpires in the transitional state between liquid and solid?

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Yet, certain substances behave both like a liquid and a solid, making it difficult to predict their behavior. One instance is sand. A single grain of sand is as solid as a rock, but a million can practically flow like water through a funnel. Highway traffic can act similarly, flowing smoothly until a bottleneck causes it to become congested. So, a deeper comprehension of this “grey zone” may have significant practical implications.

Can a single unified theory of physics be discovered?

These days, general relativity, the theory of gravity proposed by Albert Einstein, and quantum mechanics serve as the two overarching frameworks for virtually all physical phenomena. From golf balls to galaxies, the former is effective at explaining motion. Even in its own sphere, the world of atoms and subatomic particles, quantum mechanics is astounding.

The problem is that the two theories have quite different descriptions of our environment. What would the structure be of a quantum theory of curved space-time? Carroll states that we are unsure. We have no idea of what we are attempting to quantify.

How did life begin in the absence of living things?

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Earth was lifeless for its first half-billion years. Life then began to flourish and has done so ever since. Yet, how did life begin?  So what was the first catalyst for this process?

Dr. Jeremy England, an MIT physicist, recently proposed a theory that seeks to explain the genesis of life in terms of basic physics. According to this theory, increasing entropy must eventually lead to life. According to England, if the idea is accurate, the emergence of life “should be as unsurprising as rocks sliding downhill,” a magazine in 2014.

The concept is quite speculative. But, recent computer simulations might be supporting it. The simulations demonstrate that typical chemical interactions, such as those that would have occurred often on a freshly formed Earth, can produce highly structured molecules, which appear to be an essential first step on the way to the development of living things.

The field of physics continues to grapple with several profound unanswered questions. One such question is the nature of dark matter, an invisible substance that makes up a significant portion of the universe. Additionally, understanding the fundamental forces that govern the universe, such as unifying gravity with the other fundamental forces, remains a challenge. Quantum gravity, the behaviour of matter at the smallest scales in the presence of gravity, also presents a major enigma.

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Biggest predictions in the field of physics

Biggest predictions in the field of physics

Theoretical physicists perform computations, make predictions, and squint at blackboards. Equipment is built, observations are made, and data sets are analysed by experimental physicists. (At least, that’s how things work when things are going well.) Predictions made by the scientists sometimes turn out to be a discoveries.

The two groups depend on one another because experimenters can be looking to show that a theory is true (or false), while theorists might be looking to explain experimental findings. Experimentalists will be shocked to hear that we won’t accept any evidence that isn’t supported by theory, as the British theoretical physicist Arthur Eddington memorably said.

The three laws of kepler, by Isaac Newton (by 1687): predictions

Early proponents of prediction using mathematical calculation were British physicist and mathematician Issac Newton. He made it feasible to forecast the motion of objects across space and time in 1665 by developing his “fluxions,” or what is now known as calculus.

In order to do this, Newton incorporated concepts from Johannes Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion, Galileo Galilei’s theories on force and acceleration, Robert Hooke’s theories on how a planet’s tangential velocity relates to the radial force it experiences, and Galileo Galilei’s theories on how the gravitational force is an inverse square law directed towards the Sun. All of these ideas were combined by Newton, who also contributed some of his own concepts, to create the three laws of motion and the universal rule of gravity.

Siméon-Denis Poisson’s “The Arago Spot” (1818): predictions

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Siméon-Denis Poisson, a French mathematician and physicist, once made a forecast that he was certain was incorrect. Instead, his prediction regarding the forecast turned out to be false, and he unintentionally contributed to the proof that light is a wave.

Poisson was one of several scientists who suggested in 1818 that the French Academy of Science’s annual competition focus on the characteristics of light, hoping that the submissions would corroborate Newton’s corpuscular theory—that light was composed of “corpuscles”—in this way (little particles). Yet, a French engineer and physicist named Augustin-Jean Fresnel put forth a notion that expanded upon Christiaan Huygen’s theory that light was a wave, with each point on its wavefront serving as the source of secondary wavelets. All of these wavelets, according to Fresnal’s theory, interfered with one another.

James Clerk Maxwell’s Speed of Light (1865): predictions

The Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell began to make significant strides in the sciences of electricity and magnetism in 1860 at King’s College London in the United Kingdom by putting Michael Faraday’s experimental discoveries into mathematical form.

The 1865 work “A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field” was the culmination of a number of publications. In this case, Maxwell generated six wave equations and a set of 20 partial differential equations, three for each spatial element of the electric field, E, and the magnetic field, B. In his conclusion, Maxwell stated that it was “scarcely avoidable” that “light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium” (i.e., the same medium that causes electric and magnetic phenomena)

Albert Einstein’s Anomalous Perihelion Precession of Mercury (1915): predictions

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Urbain Le Verrier, a French astronomer, meticulously examined Mercury’s orbit in the 1840s. He discovered that the planet’s elliptical orbit’s perihelion, or closest point to the Sun, is moving around the Sun rather than forming a precise ellipse as Newton’s rules would have predicted. The rate of change is extremely slow, only 575 arcseconds per century, but at the time, astronomers could only explain 532 arcseconds of that shift as a result of interactions with other planets in the solar system, leaving 43 arcseconds unexplained.

A variety of explanations were put out, including an undiscovered planet. An almost microscopic adjustment to the exponent of 2 in Newton’s gravitational equation. And an oblate Sun, but each one appeared improvised. The German scientist Albert Einstein was then able to calculate how curved space affected Mercury’s orbit in 1915. While he was finishing up his general theory of relativity, resulting in an additional shift of the perihelion precession.

Second series of rare-earth elements, by Maria Goeppert Mayer (1941)

But, German physicist Maria Goeppert Mayer went a step farther and added a full row.

Enrico Fermi and Harold Urey were people Mayer met while attending Columbia University in the US. As element 93, neptunium, had just been found by Edwin McMillian and Philip Abelson. Fermi was attempting to decipher the decay products of uranium and elements that could lie beyond it. In order to approximate the distribution of electrons in high-Z atoms. Llewellyn Thomas and Fermi independently created the Thomas-Fermi model for the potential energy in 1927. And Fermi asked Goeppert Mayer to calculate the eigenfunctions of Erwin Schrödinger’s equation for the 5f electron orbitals of atoms close to uranium using this model.

Anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, by Julian Schwinger (1949)

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Julian Schwinger, an American theoretical physicist, developed techniques based on Green’s functions. While working on military radar and waveguide technology during World War II. These techniques involve solving a simpler differential equation to obtain the Green’s function. It’s difficult to achieve in practice and frequently requires perturbation. But Schwinger was a master at it.

Following the war, Schwinger used his expertise with Green’s functions to advance the field of quantum electrodynamics (QED). Which studies the interactions between electrons and light. Theorists needed to take into account the self-interactions of the quantum, relativistic electron, and photon fields. After the work of Schrödinger and Paul Dirac in order to fully understand their behaviour. Yet, computations for measurable quantities like mass and charge produced unpleasant infinities. Schwinger published his findings for the so-called first-order radiative correction to the electron’s magnetic moment in a 1947 publication. He was the first to use Green’s functions to navigate at least some of the mathematical minefields. These are physics predictions one find interesting.

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