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Should the Government Control the Internet?

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The internet has transformed our world in ways that were unimaginable just a few decades ago. It has become an integral part of our daily lives, impacting communication, commerce, education, and entertainment. However, with its immense power and influence, the internet also raises crucial questions about regulation and control. One of the most contentious debates centres around whether or not the government should control the internet.

In this article, we will explore the arguments for and against government control of the internet, analysing the various aspects of this complex issue. The central question is: Can government intervention help ensure the internet is a safe and free space for all, or does it risk infringing upon our rights and stifling innovation? Striking a balance between security and freedom in the digital age is a formidable challenge, and we will examine the arguments from both perspectives.

The Case for Government Control

  • National Security and Cybersecurity

Should the Government Control the Internet? (Photo from iStock)

Governments play a crucial role in protecting national security. The internet, with its vast potential for cyberattacks, poses a significant threat. The government’s involvement can help establish standards for cybersecurity and facilitate information sharing among different agencies and private companies. This can lead to a more coordinated defence against cyberattacks.

  • Combatting Online Crime

The internet has also become a haven for various criminal activities, such as cyberbullying, identity theft, and the distribution of illegal content. Government intervention can help law enforcement agencies trace and apprehend criminals who exploit the internet for illegal activities. This control can act as a deterrent for potential wrongdoers and can aid in prosecuting those who engage in illegal online activities.

  • Regulating Harmful Content

The internet is host to a wide range of content, not all of which is beneficial or appropriate. Some argue that government intervention is necessary to protect vulnerable populations from harmful content, such as hate speech, pornography, or extremist ideologies. Regulations can also help curb the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and fake news that can have serious real-world consequences.

  • Ensuring Universal Access

Government control can help ensure that the internet remains accessible to all citizens, regardless of their economic or social status. It can help bridge the digital divide by subsidizing internet access in underserved areas. Specifically,  promoting equal opportunities, and ensuring that no one is left behind in the digital age.

  • Protecting Intellectual Property

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The internet is a vast marketplace for intellectual property, including music, movies, and software. Government regulation can help protect the rights of content creators and prevent online piracy, ensuring that artists and innovators are fairly compensated for their work.

The Case Against Government Control

  • Freedom of Expression and Information

One of the primary arguments against government control of the internet is the potential infringement on freedom of expression and information. A government that has the authority to control the internet can use this power to censor dissenting voices, stifle criticism, or limit access to information. Furthermore, this can undermine democracy and lead to authoritarian control.

  • Innovation and Creativity

The internet’s rapid growth and innovation are often attributed to its decentralized and open nature. Government control could stifle this innovation by introducing bureaucratic red tape, making it harder for start-ups and small businesses to compete. Overregulation may also discourage the development of new technologies and services, limiting the internet’s potential for economic growth.

  • Privacy Concerns

Government control of the internet can raise significant privacy concerns. Specially, surveillance and data collection can become more pervasive, infringing on individuals’ privacy rights. Further, this erosion of privacy can discourage people from freely expressing themselves online and engaging in open discourse.

  • Potential for Abuse

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Government control of the internet can be susceptible to abuse, as it concentrates power in the hands of a few. A government with unchecked authority can use it to target political opponents, suppress minority voices, or manipulate public opinion. Moreover, such abuse undermines the principles of democracy and can lead to human rights violations.

  • International Disputes

In an interconnected world, the internet often transcends national borders. Government control can lead to conflicts between nations over jurisdiction and regulations, potentially undermining international cooperation and diplomacy.

Finding a Balance

The debate over government control of the internet is far from clear-cut. Striking a balance between security and freedom in the digital age is a formidable challenge. So, how can we address the concerns raised by both sides of the argument?

  • Transparency and Accountability

Governments should be transparent about their internet regulations and their reasons for implementing them. Clear guidelines and oversight mechanisms can help prevent abuse and maintain accountability. Citizens should be informed about the extent of government control, and they should have the right to challenge unjust or overreaching regulations.

  • Protecting Fundamental Rights

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While governments must address security concerns, they must also respect and protect fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, privacy, and access to information. Especially, regulations should be designed to strike a balance between these rights and security concerns, and any infringement on these rights should be rigorously scrutinized.

  • International Collaboration

The global nature of the internet calls for international collaboration. Nations should work together to establish common standards for cybersecurity, data protection, and other critical issues. Eventually, this can reduce conflicts and promote a more open and interconnected digital world.

  • Decentralized Regulation

Rather than granting a single government unchecked control over the internet, a more decentralized approach to regulation can be considered. This approach could involve a multi-stakeholder model where various entities, including governments, civil society, and the private sector, work together to develop and implement regulations.

  • Education and Digital Literacy

Promoting digital literacy and education is essential to empower individuals to navigate the online world safely and critically. Informed users are better equipped to protect themselves from online threats, recognize disinformation, and engage in productive digital citizenship.

Conclusion

The question of whether the government should control the internet is a complex and multifaceted one. Balancing national security, privacy, freedom of expression, and economic growth requires careful consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of government intervention. Ultimately, the key is to find a balance that respects individual rights while addressing legitimate security concerns. Evidently, in our rapidly evolving digital age, the pursuit of such balance is an ongoing challenge that demands careful attention from governments, civil society, and individuals alike.

Reference:

Forbes
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The Role of the United Nations in World Politics

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The United Nations (UN) stands as a symbol of international cooperation and diplomacy, founded in the aftermath of World War II to prevent the horrors of global conflict from recurring. Since its establishment in 1945, the UN has played a pivotal role in shaping the world’s political landscape. Addressing a wide array of global issues, and promoting peace, security, human rights and sustainable development. This article delves into the multifaceted role of the UN in world politics, exploring its historical evolution, structure, functions, challenges, and the impact it has had on international affairs.

  • The Foundation of the United Nations

The foundation of the United Nations can be traced back to the catastrophic aftermath of World War II. As the war concluded in 1945, the international community recognized the urgent need for a new, more effective system for maintaining global peace and security. This vision led to the establishment of the UN.  Furthermore, which replaced the failed League of Nations and aimed to create a more robust international organization that could prevent future conflicts.

The UN’s creation was formalized through the United Nations Charter, signed by 51 countries on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco, California. During, the Charter outlined the principles and objectives of the UN. Emphasizing the sovereignty of nations, the peaceful resolution of disputes, and the promotion of human rights. It also established key UN organs, such as the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the International Court of Justice.

  • Structure of the United Nations

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The United Nations is a complex organization consisting of multiple organs and specialized agencies, each with distinct roles and responsibilities.

  1. General Assembly: The General Assembly serves as the UN’s principal deliberative body, where all member states have equal representation. It discusses and makes recommendations on various global issues, including peace and security, development, human rights, and international law.
  2. Security Council:  It has 15 members, five of which are permanent (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) with veto power, and ten are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. The Security Council can authorize military action and impose sanctions.
  3. Secretariat: The Secretariat is the UN’s administrative arm, headed by the Secretary-General, who is appointed by the General Assembly upon the Security Council’s recommendation. The Secretariat oversees the day-to-day operations of the organization, carries out peacekeeping missions, and facilitates international cooperation.

  • The Multifaceted Roles of the United Nations

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The United Nations plays a multifaceted role in global politics, addressing a wide range of issues and challenges. Its core functions can be broadly categorized into the following areas:

  1. Maintaining International Peace and Security:
  1. Conflict Prevention: The UN aims to prevent armed conflicts through diplomatic negotiations, peacekeeping missions, and mediation efforts.
  2. Peacekeeping: UN peacekeeping missions are deployed to conflict zones to help maintain ceasefires, protect civilians, and facilitate post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation.
  3. Sanctions: The Security Council can impose sanctions on countries or entities that pose a threat to international peace and security, ranging from arms embargoes to economic restrictions.

  • Promoting Human Rights and Rule of Law:

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  1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The UN has been instrumental in establishing and promoting human rights standards through documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various international treaties.
  2. Human Rights Council: The UN Human Rights Council is responsible for monitoring. Moreover,  addressing human rights violations worldwide.
  3. International Criminal Court: The International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

  • Sustainable Development:

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  1. Sustainable Development Goals: The UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring prosperity for all.
  2. Environmental Protection: The UN addresses environmental issues and climate change through organizations like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

  • International Cooperation and Diplomacy:

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  1. Conflict Resolution: The UN mediates disputes, facilitates negotiations, and provides a platform for dialogue between nations.
  2. Treaties and Conventions: The UN helps negotiate and enforce international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
  3. Humanitarian Diplomacy: The UN collaborates with governments, non-governmental organizations, and other actors to address humanitarian crises and deliver aid.

  • Challenges and Criticisms

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While the United Nations has made significant contributions to global politics, it is not without its challenges and criticisms:

  1. Ineffectiveness in Conflict Resolution: The Security Council’s veto power held by the five permanent members has been a source of criticism. As it can impede timely and decisive action in cases of mass atrocities or conflicts.
  2. Resource Constraints: Further, leading to budget constraints and uncertainties in funding its operations.
  3. Bureaucracy and Inefficiency: The UN’s bureaucracy and complex decision-making processes can slow down its ability to respond to urgent global issues.

  • Impact on International Affairs

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Despite its challenges, the United Nations has had a significant impact on international affairs:

  1. Peace and Security: The UN has helped prevent major interstate conflicts. And has played a crucial role in ending numerous civil wars and conflicts. Particularly through its peacekeeping missions.
  2. Human Rights: The UN’s efforts have contributed to the development of human rights norms and the protection of individuals from state abuse.
  3. Sustainable Development: The UN has set a global agenda for sustainable development. Which has led to significant progress in areas such as poverty reduction, health, education, and gender equality.

Conclusion

The United Nations occupies a central position in world politics. Representing the collective efforts of the international community to address global challenges.  Evidently, the organization continues to evolve. And adapt to meet the ever-changing dynamics of the global political landscape. The United Nations remains a crucial forum for dialogue, cooperation. And action in a world marked by both unprecedented opportunities and complex challenges. Its role in shaping the future of our interconnected world is undeniably significant.

Reference:

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The Political Causes of Terrorism: Explaining the Complex Web

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Terrorism has been a persistent and devastating global challenge, posing significant threats to national and international security. While it is crucial to address the immediate security concerns posed by terrorist acts, it is equally important to delve into the underlying causes that fuel terrorism. One of the most critical aspects of this inquiry is the examination of the political causes of terrorism. This article seeks to explore the complex web of political factors that contribute to the rise of terrorism.

Defining Terrorism

Before we delve into the political causes of terrorism, it is essential to have a clear understanding of what terrorism is. Terrorism is a multifaceted phenomenon with no universally agreed-upon definition, but it generally involves the use of violence or the threat of violence to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives. Terrorism is characterized by its deliberate targeting of civilians or non-combatants to generate fear and disrupt society. Understanding this definition is crucial to analysing its political causes.

  • Political Extremism and Radicalization

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One of the primary political causes of terrorism is political extremism. This involves the belief in radical, often extremist ideologies, which can manifest in various ways, including religious extremism, ethnonationalism, and extreme political ideologies. Such extremism can be a breeding ground for terrorism when individuals or groups adopt a willingness to employ violence as a means to further their political goals.

  1. Religious Extremism: Religious terrorism is a prominent example of political extremism. Groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS, who operate under the banner of radical interpretations of Islam, have been responsible for numerous terrorist attacks. Religious extremists often argue that their actions are justified by religious doctrine, and they seek to establish a theocratic state or impose their religious ideology on others.
  2. Ethnonationalism: Ethnonationalist movements, rooted in the belief of a particular ethnic or national group’s superiority, can give rise to political violence. These groups may resort to terrorism in their quest for autonomy, independence, or dominance over other groups. The Basque separatist group ETA in Spain and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland are examples of ethnonationalist movements that have employed terrorism to further their political objectives.

  • State-Sponsored Terrorism

States can play a significant role in fuelling terrorism, either directly or indirectly, by supporting or harbouring terrorist organizations. State-sponsored terrorism is a complex issue, and it often blurs the line between state actors and non-state terrorists.

  1. Proxy Warfare: Some states may engage in proxy warfare by supporting non-state actors to achieve their political goals without overtly declaring war. These state-sponsored terrorist groups may carry out attacks on behalf of the state or pursue the state’s interests. During the Cold War, for example, both the United States and the Soviet Union supported various proxy groups in conflicts around the world.
  2. Covert Support: States can provide financial, logistical, and ideological support to terrorist organizations while maintaining plausible deniability. This covert support allows states to advance their political agendas through terrorism without being held directly accountable for the violence. Pakistan’s alleged support for the Taliban in Afghanistan is a case in point.

  • Failed or Weak States

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The absence of effective governance and the presence of weak or failed states create environments conducive to terrorism. Weak state institutions, a lack of rule of law, and political instability can create a power vacuum that terrorist groups exploit.

  1. Safe Havens: Weak or failed states can serve as safe havens for terrorist organizations. In the absence of a strong government, terrorists can establish training camps, recruit members, and plan and execute attacks with relative impunity. Afghanistan’s role as a safe haven for Al-Qaeda before the U.S. invasion in 2001 is a well-known example.
  2. Recruitment Grounds: Political instability and the absence of legitimate political outlets can drive individuals toward extremist ideologies and radicalization. In such environments, terrorist organizations may find it easier to recruit disaffected individuals who see terrorism as a means to address their grievances.

  • Nationalism and Separatism

Nationalism and separatism, rooted in political or ethnic identity, have been drivers of terrorism in various regions.  Eventually, these movements often seek to establish or protect a distinct political entity based on their identity.

  1. Tamil Tigers: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka was a separatist group. Over the years, they employed terrorism as a means to further their cause. Including suicide bombings and guerrilla warfare.
  2. Kurdish Separatism: The Kurdish population is divided among several countries in the Middle East. Including Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. The Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Turkey. And other Kurdish groups have pursued separatist goals through acts of terrorism, with the aim of establishing an independent Kurdish state.

  • Occupation and Conflict

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Political grievances arising from foreign occupation and conflict can provide a fertile ground for terrorism. When a population perceives itself as occupied, oppressed, or marginalized, terrorism can emerge as a response to the perceived injustice.

  1. Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The protracted Israeli-Palestinian conflict has seen the emergence of several Palestinian terrorist groups, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad. The occupation of Palestinian territories, ongoing conflict, and disputes over land and resources have fuelled terrorism in the region.
  2. Kashmir Conflict: The disputed region of Kashmir has been a source of political tension and terrorism for decades.  Leading to conflict and acts of terrorism by groups seeking independence. Or integration with one of the two countries.

Conclusion

The political causes of this are deeply interconnected and multifaceted. It often emerges as a response to perceived political injustices. And the motives behind terrorist acts can be complex, with political, religious, and ideological dimensions. That considers the various political factors discussed in this article.

Efforts to counter this should involve a combination of political, economic, and social strategies. Evidently, diplomacy, conflict resolution, and the promotion of inclusive. And just governance are crucial in addressing political grievances. Additionally, addressing economic and social inequalities can help reduce the appeal of extremist ideologies and radicalization.

Reference:

Jstor 
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The importance of international relations

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In today’s globalized village, the importance of IR rises. IR has a great role to play. The importance is amazingly crucial when it comes to relation between nations.

If it had to be summed up in one line, the  importance of international relations (IR) would be the cooperation between nations and entities around the world. IR is at the center of many significant topics facing the world today. Such collaboration has enormous advantages and can influence international policies.

Globalization is closely related to the field of international relations, which is the scientific study of relationships between states. Due to technological, social, political, and environmental advancements. That have facilitated improved global communications, globalization is presently at an all-time high.

Empower humanity to manage crises: IR importance

Many people who pursue degrees in international relations and diplomacy do so out of a deep desire to change the world, unrelated to any particular career goals. Diplomats, activists, and ambassadors who use their degrees to work in policy might fulfill their own objectives. By creating and putting into practice pertinent methods that could improve people’s lives all over the world. By working together and sharing resources, nations can better manage the effects of crises. Like natural disasters, droughts, floods, famine, and even diseases like the Covid-19 pandemic.

Promotes peace: IR importance

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You learn about politics and the social-historical repercussions of global development through the study of international relations. Through cooperation and communication, nations can reach a deal. That will bring about a lasting peace and allow them to resolve their differences amicably. Large IR “arenas” like the UN provide each side a chance to state their case and have their voice heard, even when things don’t always run as smoothly as they could. This ultimately forces you to settle your issues with your adversaries verbally. Despite the fact that there are still many unresolved conflicts, these “arenas” are still very important.

Better organization of human capital

In the world in which we currently reside, the general level of life is higher than it has ever been. Humanity still faces a variety of issues and difficulties, despite our ongoing technical advancements and discoveries. Professionals, scientists, technocrats, diplomats, and talented individuals in every position are needed to solve these problems, and many governmental and international organizations, including the UN, aim to organize the best human capital that is available. This tactic, which aims to put the best individuals from each nation in key decision-making roles, can be viewed as being supported by international affairs.

Promotes exchange and cultural development

If you want to be a successful international diplomat, ambassador, lobbyist, or corporate leader focused on a specific country or region, you must totally immerse yourself in a new culture. The profession does, however, mandate learning the language, traditions, and culture of a different country. This facilitates communication and collaboration among nations. This advantageous effect also benefits the populous because good connections between two states can result in two peoples who are deeply connected and share ideas, customs, and traditions.

Travelling and new experiences: IR importance

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Collaboration between cultures not only increases your productivity at work but also fosters tremendous personal growth and discovery, which many people find to be immensely gratifying. For many people, having new experiences, going to new places, seeing new things, and meeting new people can expand their horizons and present them with new chances. The nations of the world are able to offer the aforementioned chances to many more individuals than they would be able to without the assistance of friendly international relations.

Assists in technological innovations: IR importance

Since the beginning of time, civilizations have recognized the importance of sharing innovations and inventions with one another, and this tendency has been prevalent. In addition to making life easier and safer through advancements in infrastructure, housing, and medical, to name a few, this close cooperation between nations on technological challenges has also prompted nations to forge deeper ties with one another.

Important for security and stability

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International relations can promote, among other things, cross-border cooperation in law enforcement. Since the formation of nation-states in the 19th century, questions of jurisdiction and sovereignty have come up frequently. They are now more crucial than ever because of globalization, which has spread throughout the world and given international criminal organizations, terrorists, human traffickers, and other bad actors much more power than in the past. States can work together to expand beyond their national borders and enforce their laws far more effectively in order to ensure accountability and justice as well as to provide stability and security for their inhabitants.

Promotes trade and financial independence

By carefully coordinating their financial efforts and integrating their respective economies, nations can ensure that their populations increase and that trade is fair and free between their peoples. A significant component of global politics is the predominance of strong economic relations and financial interdependence among nations.

Democracies in developing nations: IR importance

A country with many allies and strong international ties has many opportunities. Because they never seem to be able to choose between the present and the future. Developing countries are more prone to instability. Although corruption seems unending and progress unreachable. A nation with friends may always find assistance when it is needed. There are numerous instances of developing nations who have benefited from support, expert advice. And, most critically, money through their IR to accomplish their objectives and greatly hasten the path to democracy.

Promotes women’s and children’s rights

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For better or worse, most, if not all, of the current international organizations have their origins in the West and have been influenced by Western ideas. Even those that have only recently been founded. Through the use of international relations, concepts like democracy, the rule of law, human rights. And equality have so far stood the test of time quite successfully. Many countries have taken steps to respect and acknowledge the rights of women. And children in order to aggressively spread these ideas and this culture.

Contrarily, many reactionary nations have resisted this change as well. However, the world of international relations is a vast arena. And nations must offer certain guarantees to advance the rights of the weaker segments of society if they hope to benefit from cooperation with other nations.

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Explain the three waves of democracy

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The waves of democracy in political science are significant upsurges of democracy that have happened throughout history. Despite the fact that the phrase dates back at least to 1887 political scientist Samuel P. Huntington of Harvard University popularized it in a 1991 book. Titled The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century and in an article, he wrote for the Journal of Democracy. Rapid changes in the balance of power among the major countries have been linked to waves of democratization. Which provide opportunities and motivation to enact extensive domestic reforms.

The exact number of democratic waves is a topic of academic discussion. Huntington talks about three waves: the first, “slow” wave of the 19th century, a second wave following World War II. And a third wave starting in South Europe in the middle of the 1970s, followed by waves in Latin America and Asia. Several academics have expanded the “Third Wave” to include the democratic changes of 1989–1991. Despite the fact that his book does not address the fall of the Soviet Union. 13 waves spanning the 18th century to the Arab Spring have been mentioned by other academics. Including Seva Gunitsky of the University of Toronto.

FIRST WAVE

The First Wave of Democracy, 1828–1926 started in the early 19th century when the majority of white males in the United States were given the right to vote (referred to as “Jacksonian democracy”). Then, before 1900, came the following countries: France, Britain, Canada, Australia, Italy, and Argentina. After the collapse of the Ottoman, Russian, German, and Austrian empires in 1918. The first wave peaked with 29 democracies around the world.

When Benito Mussolini became the leader of Italy in 1922, the tide started to turn. Newly established democracies were largely affected by the collapse. Because they were unable to withstand the aggressive growth of fascist, totalitarian, and military authoritarian movements. That systematically rejected democracy. The first wave’s low point occurred in 1942, when there were only 12 democracies left in the world.

SECOND WAVE

The second wave started after the Allies won World War II and peaked in 1962. When there were 36 certified democracies worldwide. At this point, the Second wave also began to wane, and between 1962 and the middle of the 1970s. There were only 30 democracies left in existence. The third wave, however, was about to rise in a way no one had ever seen, thus the “flat line” would not survive for long.

When women’s suffrage is taken into consideration, scholars have observed that the appearance of “waves” of democracy mostly vanishes. In addition, certain nations shift their stances rather dramatically: Typically regarded as a member of the first wave. Switzerland did not grant women the right to vote until 1971.

THIRD WAVE

The third wave started in 1974 with the Carnation Revolution in Portugal and the transition to democracy in Spain in the late 1970s. Then, during the 1980s, there were historic democratic transitions in Latin America, Eastern Europe following the fall of the Soviet Union, and sub-Saharan Africa starting in 1989. In certain places, democracy has grown astonishingly. By 1978, just three Latin American nations—Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela—were democratic, and by 1995, when the wave had swept through twenty nations, only two—Cuba and Haiti—remained totalitarian.

Three-fourths of the people of the new democracies were Roman Catholics, according to Huntington. The majority of Protestant nations were already democratic. He draws attention to the 1962 Vatican Council, which transformed the Catholic Church from a supporter of the status quo into an opponent of totalitarianism.

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Democracy can regress in nations that are experiencing or have recently undergone a wave of democratization. Political scientists and theorists predict that, like its forerunners in the first and second waves, the third wave has peaked and will soon start to ebb.

After the September 11, 2001 assaults on the United States, the “war on terror” officially began, but there was considerable backsliding in the interim. It is yet unclear how extensive or long-lasting that degradation is. Countries from the third wave, such as Portugal, Spain, South Korea, and Taiwan, have fully consolidated their democracies rather than regressing. They even had more robust democracies as of 2020 than many of their rivals who had considerably longer histories as democratic nations.

THE ARAB SPRING

Experts link the Arab Spring phenomenon, which has seen the fall of various dictatorships in the Middle East and North Africa, to the events that followed the Soviet Union’s collapse in Eastern Europe. The two occurrences’ similarities gave rise to the prospect of a fourth wave of democratization. However, most of the Arab political openings closed a few months after the shift appeared to be starting, prompting an eventual pullback.

The military-controlled government in Egypt was one of the most concerning situations, as it did nothing to aid the country’s transition to democracy. A specific illustration is given by the case of Egyptian blogger Maikel Nabil, who was sentenced to three years in prison for “insulting the military establishment.” Corruption, unemployment, social injustice, and autocratic political systems are seen as the primary reasons of the decline and catastrophe in all the impacted nations.

DIGITAL MEDIA AND ARAB SPRING

Digital media did not do this alone or as quickly as some observers have suggested. Rather, it had a much longer-term role in fostering the right conditions for upheavals. Assisted in making important sparking events public. And then facilitated those uprisings and their spread. According to Howard and Hussain, the story of the Arab Spring began more than ten years ago as Internet connectivity. And mobile phones spread quickly throughout North Africa and the Middle East.

The wealthy and influential residents who could afford internet access. Were largely responsible for the protests in Bahrain, Egypt, and Tunisia. Online criticisms of regimes over time increased in visibility and frequency. Paving the way for the Arab Spring. Digital media also made it possible for women and other underrepresented groups to participate in these political debates. Ultimately, the protests and revolutions that followed.

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How influential are NGOs?

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Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) were traditionally thought of as benevolent organizations whose goal was to impartially. And disinterestedly influence public policy. However, this impression has evolved. They are increasingly seen as organizations that put their own beliefs above those of the communities they represent or that act in accordance with the interests of their patrons, sponsors, and members.

Some pivotal points about NGOs are mentioned below:

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NGOs and Global Politics

NGOs have risen to the forefront of negotiations throughout the global association revolution. Particularly when advocating for human rights, world peace, and the environment. They have also taken the lead in providing help for development. Humanitarian relief, and disaster relief. Many NGOs have also had their own efficacy, accountability, and legitimacy called into question. Despite their reputation for challenging the legitimacy, effectiveness. And accountability of both governments and the private sector.

According to Trent of the Center on Governance at the University of Ottawa. Many NGOs are as much a part of domestic and international politics as any other interest group. And their practices and activities are not necessarily in the interest of a “good society” (Trent 2013). Their openness and accountability have come under growing scrutiny. Particularly in instances when they have misrepresented the poorest and most destitute people in order to raise money.

Funding and effectiveness of NGOs

Historically, NGOs have worked together with both state-sponsored and non-state entities. More recently, the latter have included international companies more frequently. Depending on the type of initiative, the availability of human and financial resources. And the possible benefits that can be realized, including financial gains. The degree of collaboration between the various partners has varied. Collaboration has also been heavily influenced by ideologies, goals, and self-interest.

NGOs have a wide range of effects on civil society. However, appraisals of the initiatives and programs they carry out are uncommon. Because there are typically insufficient accurate data, evaluations are typically restricted to the investigation of perceived effects at the local level. And do not frequently focus on development outcomes or outputs. At tiny geographic scales, it is exceedingly difficult to find credible information on social development indexes.

Agendas and ideologies

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Governments in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) believe that NGOs can significantly reduce poverty. Although research suggests otherwise.   And to be better at working closely with poor communities and promoting their direct participation. Because they are smaller than governments.

Such as adherence to a country’s aid policies, with priorities shifting over time and across donors. Increasing pressure from co-financing governments to show project-related poverty outcomes or by compelling them to adopt a target-driven rather than a process-driven approach may also damage aid to NGOs with a focus on poverty reduction. The Steering Committee for the Evaluation of the Netherlands Co-financing Program commissioned a research that found that partner NGOs were concerned about rising government involvement in Dutch-co financed NGO initiatives in the Andes.

Question of the common good

Compared to governments, NGOs are said to have a lower bureaucratic structure, more effective decision-making procedures, and the capacity to change course swiftly through strategic alliances. These qualities are anticipated to enable individuals to perform a variety of roles in society, including acting as alternative forms of leadership for governments and acting as catalysts, triggering agents, mobilizers, and opinion leaders (Cooper et al. 2002).

The present relevance of NGOs

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One is that while public participation is valuable in and of itself, it cannot improve policy making on its own. The creation of a forum where various parties can express their opinions, worries, and values and come to an agreement on how to move forward with whatever process they are involved is the end goal of any meaningful participatory process. This is true even when the parties’ opinions are divergent and in conflict. Governments and society stand to gain significantly from participatory procedures, and NGOs have the ability to transform from being impediments to governance to powerful providers of knowledge, information, and mobilization.

The promotion of a culture of assessment, not just among government and private-sector groups but also in NGOs, is a unique method, albeit a different difficulty, for efficient decision-making processes that provide results and hopefully more successful policy creation. This also holds true for non-governmental organizations. NGOs frequently lack even the accountability of their constituency, whereas the public sector is answerable to the voters and the commercial sector to the shareholders.

Final thoughts

NGOs have helped shape policy on important problems. However, significant flaws in the sector’s accountability, transparency, and capacity to address equitable issues have come to light. Due to these, the world society is becoming increasingly skeptical of their effectiveness, and the previously positive global perception of the NGO sector has changed to one that is more critical and even calls into question their legitimacy.

References:

Wiley Online Library
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Should nuclear weapons be banned?

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International Day for the Complete Elimination of Nuclear Weapons is celebrated by the UN on September 26. One year after the historic approval of a treaty aimed at outlawing these weapons. It is critical that we speed up the treaty’s implementation and remind ourselves of the reasons why these weapons of mass destruction must be outlawed in order to create a peaceful world.

One should consider the following points regarding the nuclear weapons:

Nuclear creates havoc

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“My lovely Hiroshima instantly turned into a wasteland, with piles of ash and ruins, skeletons, and burned bodies,” the poet wrote. Hibakusha (survivor) of the Hiroshima bombs is Setsuko Thurlow.

This chilling eyewitness story serves as a reminder of the nuclear weapons’ immense devastation potential. They cause destruction, have long-term radioactive impacts that damage future generations. And strike soldiers and civilians without discrimination.

When it was used twice during the war, in 1945, on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, around a quarter of a million citizens were instantly destroyed. Or died horribly in the days and weeks that followed the attacks.

Nuclear weapons

What protection does the atomic bomb offer against the great concerns of our time, such terrorism, climate change, and cyberattacks? Nuclear weapons are completely out of date and unable to handle the problems of today. On the contrary, they do the opposite. Of preserving peace by fostering mistrust and anxiety among nations.

These weapons cost a lot

Since the middle of the 1980s, nuclear arsenals have shrunk, but the cost of maintaining nuclear weapons is steadily rising. Each nation that has nuclear weapons follows this trend of public spending. During the ten-year period of 2010–2020, estimates (Global Zero, 2011) place it close to $1000 billion.

Imagine if this money were used to support programmes that would assure human security. Such as those that promote health, education, the fight against climate change, and help to survivors.

Weapons are catastrophic

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The risk of proliferation is that nuclear-armed states will build up their arsenals or that new governments will acquire nuclear weapons. An international non-proliferation pact went into effect. In 1970 with the goals of preventing non-nuclear states from developing nuclear weapons. And persuading nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals in order to battle these enormous hazards.

Regrettably, most of these initiatives are still just platitudes. How is it possible to assert that a country’s security is based on a nuclear deterrence strategy. While simultaneously requesting that other countries refrain from using this form of “security”?

Weapons of mass destructions not banned yet!

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But everything might soon change. Nuclear weapons have not been restricted as of yet, although biological. And chemical weapons have been outlawed on a global scale since 1972 and 1993, respectively. This is a legal quirk that will eventually be entirely rectified with the entry into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2020. Which was accepted in 2017 by 122 governments at the United Nations.

Of course, nations that possess nuclear weapons, like France, have abstained from signing this Treaty. Yet, pressure is mounting on the nine nuclear-armed states, with thousands of individuals speaking out against them around the world and an increasing number of countries and financial institutions refusing to support the development of these weapons systems.

Treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, as it is officially known, has entered into force and outlaws the use, threat of use, development, testing, production, manufacturing, acquisition, possession, and stockpiling of nuclear weapons. Additionally, it is banned from aiding, motivating, or inducing anybody to engage in any of the Treaty’s prohibited activities.

The Treaty will become enforceable as of January 22, 2021 for the 51 States that have ratified it or joined it, and it will also become enforceable as other States join it in the future.

In particular, by mandating governments to assist victims of nuclear testing and use and clear polluted areas, the Treaty is the first piece of international legislation to help limit the disastrous humanitarian effects of using and testing nuclear weapons. It codifies a widespread consensus among States and civil society that any use of nuclear weapons, regardless of its justification, is unacceptable.

The TPNW sends a strong message that using nuclear weapons would not only be unacceptable from a moral and humanitarian perspective, but also illegal under international humanitarian law by expressly and unequivocally forbidding such use.

But will the treaty destroy the weapons?

No and yes. The TPNW’s provisions will become enforceable once it enters into force for the states that have ratified or acceded to it. States that possess nuclear weapons would have to either destroy them before ratifying the Treaty or promise to do so in accordance with a “legally binding, time-bound plan” that would completely end their nuclear weapons development.

The nuclear weapon states, who have yet to sign the Treaty, must do so in order for this to go into effect.

Monitoring and controlling

Efforts to better control nuclear weapons can reduce the risk even more by reducing the frequency of close calls. Better monitoring systems would also lessen the possibility of erroneous warnings.

Putting nuclear weapons off “hair-trigger alert” would lessen the possibility that any catastrophe may quickly get out of hand.

Reducing nuclear stockpiles

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Experts believe that continued inventory reduction is a crucial and doable objective. Because lower stockpiles would still offer the advantages of nuclear weapons’ deterrence, it is thought to be feasible. Also, it is crucial because it lowers the possibility of mishaps and the possibility that a nuclear war could wipe out civilization.

Make world a peaceful place

Several parts of the world where our ancestors waged ruthless wars for many centuries are now remarkably tranquil. Some of the factors credited with this development include the democratization of societies, the expansion of trade and diplomacy on a global scale, and a cultural movement away from the glorifying of war.

Lessening the likelihood of nuclear conflict will make the world a more peaceful place.

References:

International Committee of the Red Cross 

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Politics

Electoral systems around the world

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In India, there are two electoral systems combined. While proportional representation is utilised for Rajya Sabha and presidential elections, first-past-the-post is used for Lok Sabha and state assembly elections.

According to Indian Express, an all-party parliamentary commission is currently looking into “other systems of elections” in addition to the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system.

All parties and the Election Commission have received a six-page “Questionnaire on Electoral Reforms” from the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.

The many electoral methods used around the world are briefly explained below:

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First-past-the-post:

It is a very basic system. The winning candidate is the one who receives the most votes. Unlike other systems, it is simple to comprehend. Other than India, numerous African nations as well as the US and Canada use it.

Single Transferable Vote: as electoral method

Based on the total number of valid votes cast and the number of seats to be filled, a minimum number of votes must be obtained in order to proclaim a winner. Candidates who obtain enough first-preference votes to meet the required threshold are declared elected. According to a paper by Canadian MP Linda Duncan, a two-step count is carried out if there are still seats open.

Extra Member System: as electoral method

It combines party lists and first-past-the-post districts. Two ballots are provided to each voter. The voter selects their chosen candidate from a list of candidates representing various political parties. The other is a list of parties, each of which has a candidate list prepared in advance. In this case, choosing a party on the second ballot also means choosing that party’s candidate list.

The Alternative Vote Plus:

is another convoluted voting mechanism. To make the total result more proportional, voters use the Alternative Vote, rank candidates in order of preference, and then vote again on a short top-up list. Voters may select their preferred party or candidate from the top-up list, and the votes are then distributed to fairly reflect each party’s share of the vote, according to the top-up list.

Additional Vote:

This is a system of preferential voting. The first box in each column is used by voters to indicate their favourite candidate, while the second box is used to indicate their second favourite. When all of the votes for the candidates with the most support have been counted, the winner is declared if they receive more than 50% of the vote. The top two candidates advance to the run-off round if no contender can pass the halfway point. This continues until one candidate receives the most votes, according to electoral-reform.org.uk.

Two-Round System:

This is much easier to understand. Voters mark the candidate they choose. A candidate is declared elected if they receive 50% of the vote. If not, another vote is taken. Just the top two candidates advance to the second round in some nations.

Alternate Vote:

It’s a little difficult to understand this one. Each contender is given a number by the voter. Whoever receives the most support from voters wins. Your votes will be cast for the second-place contender if the required number of candidates is not met. This goes on until a candidate is victorious.

Supplementary Vote:

This is a system of preferential voting. The first box in each column is used by voters to indicate their favourite candidate, while the second box is used to indicate their second favourite. When all of the votes for the candidates with the most support have been counted, the winner is declared if they receive more than 50% of the vote. The top two candidates advance to the run-off round if no contender can pass the halfway point. This continues until one candidate receives the most votes, according to electoral-reform.org.uk.

Borda Count:

This one isn’t too challenging to understand, according to Borda Count. Voters rank candidates in this form of preferential voting according to their preferences, and those preferences are then translated into points. The winner is the contender with the highest rating.

Party List Proportional Representation:

Each district in this elects a number of MPs, and each area is rather large. Both closed and open lists exist.

  • Closed List: On election day, the ballot paper will include a list of the parties, as well as a list of candidates for each area. Voters mark the party they support.
  • Open List: A list of candidates is provided by each party. In certain systems, voters have the option to select a specific candidate. In others, voters have the option of supporting a party or a particular candidate.

A little something about electoral system

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One of the primary causes of institutional variety among democratic nations is the voting system. The most widely used distinction is between plurality-majoritarian regimes and proportional representation systems. A party’s vote share determines their share of election seats under proportional representation, a system that frequently results in multiparty coalition governments.

In contrast, in plurality systems the party that receives the most votes usually has sole control over policy. Even if the results have been somewhat conflicting, it is not surprising that the election system influences the incentives for choosing particular types of exchange-rate strategies.

According to several studies, majoritarian electoral systems in democracies are more likely to favor stable exchange rates and to see less exchange-rate volatility during cabinet reshuffles than proportional ones.

Majoritarian, plurality, and proportional electoral systems are the most common varieties. Party-list and single transferable vote (STV) systems are the two primary variations of the former; plurality, majoritarian, and (so-called) semi proportional systems are the three primary variations of the latter.

References:

Governance Now

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How to Prevent Ideological Conflicts?

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While differences in things like food preferences, TV station preferences, etc. used to be addressed with easily, they can turn into conflicts during difficult times. Conversations about delicate subjects like politics, racism, religion, and religious intolerance may come up at these times as well. And navigating them can be difficult for any relationship.

It can be awkward to learn that your views and beliefs are different from those of others you care about, and frequently the first response is to question and correct the other person.

(Photo from istock)

Following are a few points to prevent ideological conflicts:

Conflicts stem from the righteousness-based entitlement mentality. Children believe their parents to be traditional, while parents believe they are naïve. Is it possible to engage in productive negotiations?

Finding a concession that is advantageous to us while being inexpensive for our opponent to accept is a key skill in negotiations, according to Negotiations 101. In my most recent study, which was published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. I discuss how, in ideological conflicts, proactively affirming the status of those who don’t share your moral beliefs. May help you work together more successfully and get through tense, challenging situations.

Respect children as unique beings

Children acquire their own knowledge, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs as they mature. In addition to family, there are numerous additional factors that affect a person’s uniqueness. That frequently might not be in line with you, and that’s all well. Children may, for instance, hold distinct political philosophies than their parents.

Try to Have a Positive Conversation

Recognize one another’s viewpoints. This can also be a useful activity to get to know one another better. Which will improve your ability to get along with one another. Examine whether a solution to the dispute or a mutually acceptable compromise is possible.

Disagreeing won’t harm

The most common survival tool is this one. Pay attention, nod your head, then go. For instance, some family members might think it is useless to clatter plates or light candles, whereas other family members might find value in it. Let everyone pursue their own interests.

The case for stupidity cannot be made

And how their actions may endanger others if they are constantly anxious about leaving the house or handling the situation carelessly.

Recognize how authority can be abused

Although forcibly imposing one’s beliefs can be satisfying, it is frequently discovered to be bad for the partnership. Personal egos and insane arguments are reserved for after the quarantine. For. e. g. Teenagers’ self-esteem may be impacted if you give them the impression that their views are foolish. Conversely, if your adolescent chooses to back a cause that runs against to your political ideals, don’t force your views on them.

If the talk turns tense, stop and take a break

Better yet, walk away from the conflict. Losing your minds to one another, particularly when you are compelled to live together under one roof, can lead to unpleasantness and make life difficult for everyone who shares the area.

Understanding ideology of conflicts

Conflict is important to ideology. Common convictions define the objects of animosity, provide a group a feeling of identity, and allow for coordinated action. The secret to efficient conflict management and resolution is understanding ideology.

Sincerity is demanded to prevent conflicts

You must identify a quality about the individual you really admire. Recognize their dedication and passion, for example, or their abilities in a field entirely unrelated to the one with which you disagree, as Sarah did when she praised Kevin for his tact with the dissatisfied client.

Specification will help

It would have been less convincing and credible if Sarah had praised Kevin’s client contacts in general rather than what he accomplished in that particular circumstance.

(Photo from istock)

Your provocation is crucial

Prior to entering into discussions or situations when you require your opponents’ assistance, be proactive by stating your status. The strategy would have been less effective if Sarah had praised Kevin’s handling of the client situation before he left for the meeting to talk about her promotion.

Mere respect can fall short

As a result, express genuine respect in advance without attempting to persuade your opponents to compromise their moral principles.

Status affirmation

Status affirmation, as I refer to it, entails more than just being polite or expressing one’s disagreement with another.

Suppose Sarah and Kevin, two co-workers at a pharmaceutical company, have different opinions on Obamacare. They constantly disagree because of their divergent ideologies, which affects many facets of their working relationship. Sarah anticipates Kevin to decline a promotion she has applied for as a result.

References:

Harvard Business Review 
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Politics

Does an Ideal Political System Exist?

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Political confusion is the root of the world’s problems today, whether it be in the Arab world’s quest for democracy. The US and Europe’s struggle with poor decision-making, or China’s lack of reason online.

What makes a political system ideal? Should it be dictatorial, democratic, or another type of government?

In actuality, our understanding of political systems is insufficient. Whilst there are many different varieties, since the Enlightenment. Few political ideas have been developed that truly have historical significance. Compared to well-known scientists, the world has seen fewer philosophers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx. Large-scale research into political systems is likewise quite uncommon.

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Question of ideal political system!

Political structures in contemporary society must simultaneously assure stability, effectiveness, and democracy. Political systems in the West that have been democratic since the industrial revolution were formerly regarded as the pinnacle of government.

Yet as its formidable adversary, the erstwhile Soviet Union, fell apart, issues appeared out of nowhere. Socialism in the mould of the Soviet Union produced astounding efficiency, but it ultimately came to an end because democracy was neglected and living conditions were not addressed.

Although the Western system offers democracy, it is less effective. The ongoing riots in Britain have highlighted the risks associated with social unrest. There are significant obstacles to these systems’ ability to adapt to a changing world.

We strive for a flawless political system that can inspire people, remedy missteps, and alleviate pain. A system like that doesn’t exist, though. Politics cannot be solved by ideals. As the ideal system is unknown, it sometimes rests on luck whether revolutions around the world are successful. Although though copying others can help you succeed, there are much more failures than successes.

America and Europe formerly enjoyed wealth thanks to democracy. Can politics provide an explanation for why these capacities are currently waning? Political discussions across the globe are more heated than ever. Socialism had an aggressive past, but after the Cold War, capitalism took control of politics.

Understanding political system

This is not a theoretical disagreement; rather, it is complicated by too many competing national interests and ideologies. In actuality, no political structure exists that is capable of resolving all global problems. We still don’t comprehend political systems well enough.

Although Western democracy is highly effective in many ways, it is not the only path that nations can take. We may learn from Western democracies as China sits at a reform crossroads, but it’s more crucial that we go past our fundamental national situation.

We must always keep in mind that we do not fully understand what democratic politics actually entail, and that even Western nations can only know their recent history and uncertain future.

Features of perfect democracy

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  • The minimum characteristics of a perfect democracy would be:
  • Effective involvement: Members of the démos have the chance to express their opinions about a policy to other members before it is approved or rejected.
  • Voting equality: Voting for or against the policy is available to démos members, and all votes are treated equally.
  • informed populace. Members of the démos have the chance to learn about the policy, its alternatives, and their anticipated repercussions within a reasonable length of time.
  • Agenda-setting by the people. The decision-making agenda’s contents and organization are determined by the démos. So, the democratic process is “open” in that the démos can alter the association’s policies at any time.
  • Every single démos member has the right to take part in the association in the methods previously mentioned.
  • Essential rights:  Every one of the requirements for a perfect democracy specify a right that is also a requirement for a perfect democracy.

Every member of the demos has the right to interact with others, the right to have his vote counted equally with the votes of others, the right to gather information, the right to participate equally with other members, and the right to exercise agenda-setting authority alongside other members.

Ideal democracy

The characteristics of an ideal democracy are, to the extent they exist, achieved through a number of political institutions in contemporary representative democracies. These institutions were essentially new in human history when they made their first appearance in Europe and the United States in the 18th century, despite major disparities in constitutional structure between the various nations.

The institution of representation itself, through which all significant government decisions and policies are made by publicly elected people who are answerable to the electorate for their actions, is undoubtedly one of the most significant of them. Other significant institutes are:

  • Elections that are fair, open, and frequent. Anyone can take part in these elections as candidates and voters.
  • freedom of speech. Without fear of repercussion, citizens are free to publicly express their opinions on a wide range of politically significant issues (see freedom of speech).
  • sources of information that are impartial. There are sources of political information that are independent of the government or any one particular group, whose right to print or otherwise disseminate information is recognized by law, and who are also accessible to all citizens.
  • freedom to assemble. People have the freedom to start and join independent political organizations, such as interest groups and parties.

But as they developed, it became increasingly obvious that they were necessary for any political association as large as a nation-state to achieve a tolerable level of democracy.

Does an ideal political system exist?

In a group as large as a nation-state, representation is necessary for effective participation and citizen control of the agenda; free, fair, and regular elections are necessary for effective participation and voting equality; and freedom of expression, access to independent sources of information, and the right to form associations are all necessary for informed voters, effective participation, and citizen agenda control.

References:

Britannica
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Politics

Is Politics connected to Religion?

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Both politics and religion work to further their own causes by gaining political power. Nonetheless, they employ a variety of tactics to do this. Religion mobilizes religious sensibilities of people in order to gain their support to usurp power. Whereas politics uses scheming, diplomacy, and attempts to win public opinion either democratically, if the system permits it, or usurps power with the help of the army, if the society is underdeveloped and backward.

(Photo from istock)

Because of this, when there is a power struggle, politics and religion both try to discredit each other. Religion seeks to use all political influence it may have to advance its divine goals. It claims to have divine power and that as such. It is on a sacred mission to change society with the aid of the divine. On the other hand, politics, which has no inherent value, bases its judgements on social needs and expectations, which leads to changes in the political system and the law.

Three models: relationship between politics and religion

  • When politics and religion band together in an effort to seize control of the government. The term “integration and sharing model” is used.
  • In the second paradigm, politics utilizes religion for its own purposes after subduing and dominating it. According to this approach, politics takes precedence above religion.
  • In the third scenario, both parties clash, which ultimately results in their separation. In this concept, they are portrayed as competitors who battle it out for power.

Every religion was born and developed in a specific place and at a specific point in time. Which means that the primary goal of its teachings is to find solutions to current issues.

A religion must, however, adapt to these new obstacles if it wants to survive as time goes on. It must modify its teachings during this process to reflect changes. As time goes on, a stage develops where a religion is unable to address the issues of the day. And has little room to adapt to novel circumstances. Islam, for instance, required about two and a half centuries to reach its current level of rigidity.

Religion under politics

Every time political, social, or economic pressure pushes religion aside, society responds with philosophy, art, literature, and music. In the past, these were the eras of the Abbasid caliphate, whose ruler valued scholars and scientists. The Mughal era under Akbar is notable because new ideas were permitted to flourish during this time. When religion has little control over society, it becomes liberated. When it has all control and adopts an anti-change stance. It leaves society desolate. It diminishes the significance of modernity and returns society to archaic customs.

Separation of religion from politics?

Politics and religion need not be combined; doing so does not weaken or expose it. The real power of religion is not in courting and protecting the state, but rather in the trust in its veracity.

History demonstrates that anytime politics is asked to assist religion, it utilizes it for its own purposes and attempts to subordinate it, weakening religion and its beliefs in the process. Also, religion is criticized anytime it tries to meddle in politics or the economy and falls behind the times. It is clear that social and natural sciences are developing quickly in the modern era. And religion is unable to keep up with these changes or explain them from a religious perspective.

Adding history to the discussion…..

The concept of establishment has been at the center of political philosophy in the West since at least the time of Constantine, despite its current decline in relevance. The issue of establishment became particularly pressing in the early modern era, although there was also considerable discussion in the Middle Ages, as European societies struggled to determine precisely what roles church and state should play in each other’s spheres in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

Any of a number of conceivable configurations for a religion in a society’s political life might be referred to as the “establishment.” Included in these arrangements are the following:

 

  • A religious organization can qualify as a “state” church if it possesses the sole right to practice its religion.
  • Churches may receive government funding through taxes and be governed by it (for example, the monarch is still officially the head of the Church of England, and the Canterbury Archbishop is chosen by the Prime Minister).
  • Some ecclesiastical authorities may play a specific role in political institutions as a result of their position.

Even today, some forms of conservatism promote establishment by highlighting the advantages for the political system or society as a whole (Scruton, 1980). This school of thought holds that a strong level of pre- or extra-political social cohesion is necessary for a polis to be healthy.

More specifically, a certain level of social cohesion is required for citizens to feel sufficiently connected to one another (so that they will desire to work together politically) and to have a shared framework within which to make logical decisions as a society. This cohesion in turn depends on a high degree of cultural homogeneity, particularly in terms of commitment to particular values.

Conclusion

(Photo from istock)

Although if secularism is advancing quickly in many nations throughout the world and even though this development appears to have something to do with the process of economic growth, religion continues to be a significant political phenomenon globally for a number of reasons. There are sizable populations of people who still identify as religious in even the most secularized nations (Sweden is sometimes used as a great example).

Furthermore, a lot of these cultures are currently dealing with immigration from groups who are more religious than the native-born populace and who practice religions that are foreign to the cultural history of the host countries. These individuals frequently receive extensive democratic rights, maybe even official citizenship. Furthermore, there are few indications that the conflict between the West and extreme Islam will soon ease.

References:

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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Why do we need Political Parties?

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Political parties are one of the most significant institutions in a democracy. Political parties are commonly associated with democracy. Understanding the nature and functioning of political parties is essential. They may have little knowledge of the constitution, but if we study people in remote and rural areas, they will surely be aware of political parties.

(photo from istock)

Political parties shape public opinion and create plans and policies. After winning elections, political parties create governments and implement the party manifestos’ policies. Political parties that do not win elections sit in opposition in Parliament or the state legislature, watching or criticizing the actions of the executive branch.

(photo from istock)

Following are some points about political parties:

What is a political party?

A political party is a group of individuals who unite to seek for office and take over the government. The common good in society is promoted by the policies and programmes of all political parties. They try to convince people that their policies are better than others’. By winning over the electorate during elections, they want to put their policies into action. Political parties are a reflection of the underlying political differences in a society. Partnership results from everyone’s support for one particular group in society.

A party is defined by the segment it represents, the ideologies it backs, and the causes it champions. A political party is composed of three things.

What do political parties do?

The following duties fall under the purview of political parties:

  • In order to run in elections, they nominate candidates. The top party officials may choose candidates, or party members may. A political party’s nominee in some countries, like the United States, is chosen by the party’s members and supporters. Candidates for elections in India are chosen by top party leaders.
  • Voters are given access to the parties’ policies and programmes.
  • In the United States, political parties have a big say in what laws get passed. A majority of parties must endorse a measure for it to pass into law. Legislation is discussed and adopted in the Legislature.
  • Political parties create and run governments. The political executive’s primary policy decisions are influenced by political parties.

What makes these parties important?

A variety of duties must be performed by political parties. Modern democracies cannot function without political parties. The following situations might occur in the absence of parties:

  • Every candidate for office will be impartial.
  • No one will be permitted to promise the public any significant policy changes.
  • Although the government will be established, its effectiveness will still be in doubt. The activities of elected leaders in the community will be held responsible to their constituents. Yet nobody will be in command of how the nation is governed.
  • Non-partisan Panchayat elections are held in many Indian states. In this case, the parties do not formally compete. The hamlet is known to be divided into numerous groups, each of which proposes a list of candidates.
  • Political party emergence is intrinsically linked to the expansion of representative democracies. Communities needed a body to gather and express various points of view on many topics to the government as they grew bigger and more complex.
  • Society needs a framework to create, defend, and reject policies as well as to support or restrain the government. Political parties satisfy the requirements of every representative government.

For instance, in today’s vote-based democracies, these categories are seen as essential components for the configuration and operation of the public power. Evidently, countries like Libya, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates have administrations devoid of political parties.

These nations lack elections and have a small number of political parties. As a result, the public’s voice is muted. This does not take place when a political party takes the initiative. They work to make the nation better by paying attention to public voices and thoughts. There wouldn’t be any organizations in such a situation because everyone involved in political decision-making would be free to compete.

Political parties: growth and harmony

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The primary entry points for candidates to vote in elections are political parties. Hence, parties have a significant impact on the level of youth political participation at the local, regional, and federal levels. Parties often control which candidates are put out for nomination and election as well as which issues gain national attention. They choose which individuals and for which positions they will include on their candidature lists.

Young candidates have not always been favoured by political parties during the nomination process because they frequently appear at the bottom of candidate lists (in proportional representation “closed list” election systems) and have very little chance of winning. They serve as a bridge between the state and civil society, converting public policy preferences into political action.

Political parties and youth

Many things contribute to the continued marginalization of young people, such as “old-boy” networks, seniority-based hiring and promotion practices, a dearth of personal skills, low self-esteem, and low motivation. Long-term commitments are frequently required for participation in political parties, which is challenging for young people who are attempting to pursue an education and make a name for themselves in the workforce.

Due to the fact that they make up a sizable portion of the membership, middle-aged men typically have a larger power base. Youth may experience multiple forms of discrimination depending on their gender identity or membership in other marginalized groups (such as Native Americans, people with disabilities, lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender people).

These barriers feed a vicious loop whereby young people become turned off by the exclusivity of political parties and choose not to join them. They lack the internal powerbase to win elections and nominations as a result of their refusal to join. To end the cycle, both problems need to be addressed: youngsters need to be given the tools and drive to successfully participate in political parties, and parties need to be pushed to make room for young people. These procedures can be accelerated by affirmative action policies like youth and women’s quotas and party youth wings.

Political parties could do more to entice young people to seek for office and could think about nominating them for local and provincial/state elections.

References:

GeeksforGeeks

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