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Top historic countries in the world you must know

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Top historic countries in the world you must know

Travel and history go together naturally, especially some historic countries. Travel links the past to the present and enables us to appreciate its significance both now and in the future, whereas history aids in our understanding of the past in general. Consequently, engaging with history with respect to historic countries is one of the few things that might be more enjoyable for travellers. Likewise, travelling is one of the best things you can do if you love history. Historic countries are attention worthy.

Since we’re all confined at home right now, this is a wonderful time to learn about the past in order to get ready for the trips we’ll take when travel resumes. As a result, we’ve listed some of the top places for history fans to travel, which should make it easier for us to decide how to spend our time now.

Italy: historic countries

Top historic countries in the world you must know

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Italy has a lot to offer, whether you are interested in the ancient world, the mediaeval era, or the inventions of the Renaissance. Start in Rome, which served as the capital of the ancient Roman Empire and is the ideal location to learn about the development of the culture that dominated most of the western world.

The Forum, Palatine Hill, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon all provide a window into this world from 2,000 years ago. the Medici Family, who governed throughout the early stages of the Renaissance, by travelling to Florence. The Uffizi Gallery and the dell ‘Accademia are two world-class museums where you may follow their influence on art and culture.

At Venice, historical sites like St. Mark’s Basilica and the trading empire that dominated most of the Aegean and the larger Mediterranean can be explored. No matter whatever location you concentrate on in Italy, you will encounter historical landmarks and discover how the country has influenced the world. It is a land rich in historical wealth.

Jordan: historic countries

Jordan contains many ancient sites that date back several thousand years, just like many other Middle Eastern countries. But unlike some of its neighbors, Jordan is also extremely safe, making it a great Middle Eastern destination for history enthusiasts. The Citadel, which overlooks the city from a slope in the capital Amman and was once occupied by the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Romans, is visible. You can also discover more about how this country came to be after the collapse of the British and Ottoman Empires. Perhaps, the most impressive historical site in the nation is the ancient city of Petra, located in the south.

Greece

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Greece should be quite high on the travel wish lists of most history fans because it was the cradle of democracy and the ancient Hellenic empires. Start in Athens where you may get a taste of the heights of Hellenic culture by visiting the renowned Acropolis ruins. Arrange a trip to the Greek Islands to view archaeological sites and discover how history and myth interact on these sun-bleached, rocky islands after you’ve seen the Parthenon and these other well-known ruins. For instance, in Delos, you can learn about mysterious cults and visit ancient monuments that are comparable to Olympia and Delphi, or you can visit Rhodes and tour the mediaeval old town and discover the Colossus that once spanned the harbor.

Egypt: historic countries

Egypt is a place of immense historical significance, as should be obvious. Let me stress, though, that Egypt was the site of one of the world’s oldest civilizations, which left behind incredibly spectacular monuments like the pyramids. You may explore the old world in Cairo by taking tours of the Giza pyramids, which include the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the only surviving example of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World. Other historical sites, including the ancient city of Memphis and the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens outside of Luxor, which is home to the tomb of King Tutankhamun among many other pharaohs, will be revealed to you on a subsequent voyage down the Nile River.

Peru: historic countries

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Any list of the top historical sites in the world would have Machu Picchu, the Lost Citadel of the Incas, towards the top. Peru is a must-visit place for history enthusiasts just for that reason. Machu Picchu is a beautiful hilltop citadel in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, but there is more to this nation’s history than that. The entire Sacred Valley should enthrall both ardent history lovers and ordinary tourists, from the cliffside castle of Ollantaytambo to the ruins of Pisac to the agricultural terraces of Moray and the salt pans of Maras.

England: historic countries

For those who enjoy history and are interested in western civilization, England is a natural fit. London is a historical wonderland and a fantastic starting point because it was once the center of the British Empire and the capital of England. With so many historical objects on exhibit (some of them, let’s say, “stolen” from other locations throughout the world), the British Museum alone is somewhat of a historical paradise in its own right. You may get a better idea of how prominent London is when you include British sites like Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London, and Westminster Abbey, among others.

Cambodia

The splendour of Angkor Wat, the former capital of the Khmer Empire during the 12th century and one of the most amazing collections of temples in the world, justifies Cambodia’s position on this list, as does Peru. Angkor Wat, a collection of Buddhist and Hindu temples from the ninth to the fifteenth centuries, is situated in the northwest of the nation, just outside the city of Siem Reap. The northern temple Ta Prohm demonstrates how the natural world has gradually engulfed much of the empire over the years while some of the temples, such as Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom, are enormous exhibitions of the kingdom’s grandeur.

Germany: historic countries

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Germany encourages history enthusiasts, whether they are interested in mediaeval or modern history, like so many other countries in Europe. The Brandenburg Gate, which was once the emblem of Prussia’s imperial might but now stands as a symbol of German reunification, is located in Berlin. At the remnants of the Berlin Wall and Checkpoint Charlie, where a select few were able to cross the border between East and West Berlin, you may learn more about the Cold War. Nuremberg, a city outside of Berlin, provides sobering insight into the history of the Nazi Party and the trials of party leaders in the years following World War Two.

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History

The most famous civilizations throughout history

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The most famous civilizations throughout history

Around 12,000 years ago, human beings hunkered down. Though they had earlier traversed the planet to forage for food, humans made the selection to dedicate themselves to agriculture and spent their days planting seeds, choosing produce and accumulating the world’s first meals surpluses.  Eventually giving rise to famous civilizations; civilizations which became so famous that they shaped our present. These famous civilizations are crucial part of our famous history.

Ultimately, the safety furnished through ample meals allowed parts of the human populace to listen on changing small, agrarian settlements into vivid cities.

They might also want to assemble imposing temples and palaces and engage in the developing fields of philosophy, politics, and the arts. Here are seven historic societies that have received a recognition for their ingenuity and innovation. (The precise timelines for these civilizations are approximate and concern to educational debate.)

Civilization of Sumerians: famous civilizations

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The first civilizations in recorded human history are said to have originated in ancient Sumer, a region of Mesopotamia located above the shared floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Around ten thousand B.C., Mesopotamia’s “Fertile Crescent” allowed historic populations to settle and assist themselves with farming. By about 4500 B.C., these communities (who we presently name the Sumerians), ought to domesticate plants in such extra that they should forge the world’s first cities besides feeling puckish.

Tall temple and palace complexes could be seen in Sumerian cities like Eridu, Uruk, and Ur. The historical Sumerians are additionally credited with developing the written word: As many as 5,000 years ago, they scratched clay capsules with a writing device known as cuneiform. This machine allowed them to music the motion of grain all through their territory, share tales and myths, and unfold recommendation on agriculture and cooking, amongst different purposes.

These improvements secured Mesopotamia’s cutting-edge title: the “Cradle of Civilization.” The Sumerians additionally pioneered mathematics, astronomy and astrology, invented irrigation, started out the first schools, codified the first codes of regulation and usual our present-day conceptions of time by using dividing the day into hours, minutes and seconds.

Indus Valley Civilization

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Around 7000 B.C., agriculturalists began out developing small villages for the length of the Indus River Valley in present-day India and Pakistan. Starting spherical 3300 B.C., these settlements grew in specific bustling. Although the Sumerians invented cities, the human beings of the Indus Valley perfected them. For instance, their cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which housed 40,000–50,000 men and women, had baked-brick structures. These cities were kept clean by sophisticated sewer and water supply systems, and their wide streets were laid out in a precise grid pattern, indicating that these websites had been carefully planned.

The painstaking city planning that transpired in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro point out the humans of the Indus Valley sought uniformity. Their ubiquitous bricks had common dimensions, and among their most important inventions were standardized weights and measurements. Other innovations blanketed a mysterious writing gadget that stays undecipherable, and novel methods in metallurgy.

Egyptian civilization: famous civilizations

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By 6000 B.C., settlers arrived at the banks of the Nile and located an asylum from the sizzling sands. They tilled the soil and constructed villages, and round 3100 B.C. These outposts developed into thriving metropolises under the rule of pharaohs who served as divine mediators between the people and their deities. As well as statesmen who made laws, imposed taxes, waged war, and governed their domains.

The Egyptians thrived for heaps of years beneath the pharaohs and located repute for their advances in countless fields of knowledge. For instance, they possessed a enormous consciousness of what grew to be arithmetic, astronomy and anatomy, and have been credited with inventing clinical surgical treatment thanks to their competencies in stitching wounds and placing broken bones. (It’s simply theorized that their mummification practices influenced their clinical talents.)

Ancient China

The Yellow River Valley in China fostered one of the world’s first civilizations. In 5000 B.C., there were the first farming towns, and from these humble beginnings, a centralized government developed. Starting with the Xia (2070-1600 B.C.), a number of successive dynasties dominated Chinese civilization. These kingdoms supposedly sustained themselves by means of divine decree, a thought that developed into the “Mandate of Heaven.” This political philosophy influenced rulers to act as stewards of their human beings and warned towards awful behaviour.

In each tranquil and stricken times, Chinese lifestyle flourished. In the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 B.C.), Chinese scribes wrote with characters that resemble these used today, and through round four hundred B.C., the thoughts of well-known figures such as Confucius started blossoming into full-fledged faith structures stressing advantage and filial piety.

They additionally normalize the first block printing strategies and maritime compasses. The traditions of acupuncture and natural medicinal drug have come to be one of China’s longest-lived contributions. Additionally, Chinese builders are famed for putting up and connecting the first components of one of the most brilliant architectural accomplishments of all time: the Great Wall. This extraordinary work commenced as early as the seventh century B.C

The Ancient civilization of Maya

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Around 7000 B.C., Mesoamerican communities commenced cultivating maize. And beans and creating everlasting dwellings targeted in what is now south-eastern Mexico, Guatemala. And Belize, as properly as sections of Honduras and El Salvador.  Which unfold round huge administrative and ceremonial complexes that appeared to contact the stars.

The Maya discovered the sky fascinating. They constructed giant observatories and made meticulous information of planetary motion with a state-of-the-art gadget of writing that mixed pictorial and phonetic characters. They additionally made predictions of the positions of celestial objects that range proper some distance into the future.

In fact, the Maya people’s grasp of the actions of Venus, Mars. And the moon stimulated their well-known machine of timekeeping. This machine included complicated interlocking calendars. That timed their agricultural things to do and spiritual rituals to coincide with positive astronomical arrangements.

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World War 2: List of the best generals in the armies

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World War 2: List of the best generals in the armies

The World War 2 used resources on a scale that was significantly greater than any other conflict in history and raged across vast areas. One of the bloodiest periods in human history, World War 2 saw the deployment of more than 100 million soldiers from more than 50 nations. In a brutal game of survival, men fought, outlasted, and outwitted one another for six long years in the World War 2.

Great leaders and commanders are among the great men (and women) that wars generate. Some are current-war fighters who have been thrown into the fray by veterans of earlier conflicts, while others have emerged from those conflicts to fight in the present conflict and move on to the next.

Bernard Law Montgomery: World War 2

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Bernard Law Montgomery, a British general who was born in 1887, saw action in both the First World War and the Irish War of Independence before rising to fame and becoming one of the best generals in World War II.

The Spartan General, often known as “Monty,” was a cautious leader who was primarily driven by concern for the wellbeing of his troops. He contrasted sharply with US general George Patton in this regard. Montgomery learned to fight slowly and methodically during the First World War after witnessing the loss of countless soldiers to shoddy preparation and hasty actions. He had a sturdy manner and an unyielding outlook.

George Patton: World War 2

George Patton was unquestionably one of the most divisive figures of the Second World War. He slapped two PTSD-afflicted subordinates during the Sicilian campaign and told them to return to the front lines.

Because of strong domestic criticism, Patton was relieved of duty for 11 months until Eisenhower concluded that Patton’s zeal and attitude would be useful in the European battle. He was well-liked by his guys notwithstanding his scandal. He was regarded as a soldier’s soldier and held a high degree of respect among those who reported to him. Used aggressive strategies as a result to make quick progress. He was also a brilliant general with creative problem-solving skills.

Erwin Rommel

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Erwin Rommel was the most renowned Nazi general in the eyes of the Allies. Because of how well-liked he was, Field Marshal Montgomery had to admonish his own soldiers to stop praising Rommel.

During the war against France, this brilliant general became well-known. At the Battle of Sedan, he commanded from the front, which improved his comprehension of the dynamics of the battlefield. He had a natural aptitude to spot chances, and he would seize them using his inherent military skills. He rarely erred when he took chances.

Rommel served as the commander of the Afrika Korps, an organization created to relieve pressure on the Italians in North Africa.

Georgy Zhukov: World War 2

The most well-known and significant Russian commander during the Second World War was Georgy Zhukov. He was enlisted in the military at the age of 19 and served in World War I as well as the Russian Civil War on the side of the Bolsheviks. He was an 1896 baby, the son of a farmer and a shoemaker. Along the Mongolian-Manchurian frontier, Zhukov fought the Japanese from 1937 until 1939. He won incredible battles and was honoured as a Soviet Hero. Zhukov received a promotion to general and Red Army chief of general staff in 1941, just before Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

After successfully defending Moscow, Zhukov planned a counterattack that drove the Germans between 60 and 150 kilometres away from the capital. Subsequently, he helped to draught the Operation Uranus plans, which called for surrounding the German 6th Army in Stalingrad. The tactic was a complete success and assisted in turning the tide of the battle. As Zhukov helped win the Kursk War, the siege on Leningrad was eventually lifted.

Heinz Wilhelm Guderian: World War 2

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His innovative approach to combat was where Heinz Wilhelm Guderian excelled. He invented the “Blitzkrieg” strategy, which involved deploying a variety of weapons coordinated with one another during an assault to overwhelm the opposition with firepower. He also suggested massing tanks where previously they had been scattered among infantry divisions to provide support.

During the Battle of France, he accomplished one of his finest feats. It was very poorly defended because it was thought that the Ardennes forest on the western flank of the Maginot Line was impassable. By breaking through the French defences with seven divisions and 1,112 tanks, Guderian proved the French incorrect and displayed his skill as a general. The German forces that ultimately destroyed the French were led by Guderian.

Throughout the Soviet Union assault, Guderian continued to have success, and his 2nd Panzer Army completed sealing the Minsk pocket, leading to the capture of 300,000 Soviet soldiers. After that, the 2nd Panzer Army joined the assault on Kiev and contributed to the largest encirclement in history, which resulted in the capture of 600,000 Soviet soldiers.

Douglas MacArthur

Douglas MacArthur, who was born into a military family in the American Old West and graduated as valedictorian from the West Texas Military School, was a crucial Commander in the fight against Japan. His innovative tactical operations saw the emphasis of military operations placed on the speed and mobility of amphibious and air forces operating across great distances. He was a dynamic leader.

MacArthur fought in the First World War, where he received numerous decorations and quickly advanced from major to colonel to brigadier general. During his time serving on the Western Front, he was twice nominated for the Medal of Honour, once given the Distinguished Service Cross, and seven times given the Silver Star.

Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Manstein: World War 2

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Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Manstein was a Prussian nobleman who was born in 1887. He enlisted in the military at a young age. And served in the First World War on both the Western and Eastern Fronts.

His skill as a general was evident during the Second World War’s invasion of France. Manstein devised a strategy to get past the French defences along the Maginot Line. By attacking France through the Low Countries and directing their major armoured thrust through the Ardennes Forest. The Germans achieved an astounding victory during Operation Sickle Cut.

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Human civilization: Top facts you must know

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Human civilization: Top facts you must know

Homo sapiens emerged in Africa between 200 and 150,000 years ago, but history of human civilization as a species goes much further back with prehistoric human forebears. In addition, the story of human civilization and evolution is convoluted, full of unresolved issues and tragic family drama. These are some top facts regarding the history of human civilization and evolution that you might not be aware of.

Early humans leaving Africa: human civilization

The majority of us have heard the tale of how Homo sapiens migrated from Africa into Europe and Asia beginning 80,000 years ago. You might be surprised to learn that Homo erectus had been travelling the same routes out of Africa intermittently for more than a million years. In fact, when Homo sapiens left Africa, they would have come across other people that resembled us a lot. These people would be the Homo erectus and Neanderthal descendants of our common ancestor. These individuals were all primitive humans. They had also been roaming Eurasia for tens of thousands of years.

Low genetic diversity

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Because we all seem to be descended from a single small group of early humans who lived in East Africa, humans are among the least genetically diverse ape species. Population geneticists use a metric known as “effective population size” to describe genetic diversity. Effective population size, put very simply, is the number of people required to reproduce the genetic variety of the whole human population. This number for humans is usually around 15,000, which is absolutely absurd when you think that there are 7 billion of us in the world. For example, there are 733,000 mice in certain species, which is the effective population size.

Our Neanderthal self: human civilization

Although this is very well known, it still has to be said. Neanderthal genes have entered some modern non-African populations, according to a recent genomic examination of Neanderthal bones. This shows that Cro-Magnons likely had children with the local Neanderthal populations when they colonized Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. We are one big happy family of people.

Human population 80,000 years ago

Around 80,000 years ago, an unexplained event decreased the actual number of humanity. Remember that the effective population size is a measure of genetic diversity and is not the same as the actual population size. In other words, 80,000 years ago, our genetic variety significantly decreased. There are several hypotheses as to why this would be the case, from an end-of-the-world catastrophe brought on by the Toba volcano eruption to something more commonplace like interbreeding among small communities.

Humans navigating oceans 50,000 years ago: human civilization

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About 50,000 years ago, Homo sapiens landed in Australia. From the coast of Africa, how in the world did they get there? They used little boats that were possibly tied together with reeds. (These were most likely vessels akin to those that transported humanity from Asia to the Americas more than 17,000 years ago.) It was like the Paleolithic version of taking a tin can on a moon-shot. The fact that it did so defies logic. We colonized an entire continent while making numerous trips across the Pacific in those little boats.

Recent culture of humans: human civilization

While we’re talking about all the amazing events that occurred 50,000 years ago, it’s important to note that many anthropologists today think that early humans did not likely create what we would now define as civilization until approximately that time. The “mitochondrial Eve” theory contends that we are all derived from a single East African woman who lived 200–150,000 years ago, which makes this astonishing. Assuming that Homo sapiens emerged around the time of mitochondrial Eve, it follows that our species persisted for a very long time before we produced amazing things like ornaments, art, symbolic communication, and sophisticated bone tools.

Pre-cultural humans undoubtedly possessed fire and rather advanced toolkits, but there is scant evidence that they possessed art and symbolic communication, the two pillars of what we now refer to as “culture.” It’s very impossible to establish one way or the other, but some anthropologists think that before that cultural explosion, we hadn’t even developed language.

Fire as a tool: human civilization

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After our ancestors domesticated fire and began manufacturing tools, Homo sapiens began to develop. Although it seems straightforward at first, the repercussions are significant. We as a species have never existed without tamed fire, one of the most crucial instruments for creating a civilization. We humans are tool and fire makers by nature. Since that our species has always been enhanced by the development of artificial fire and tools, some would even argue that this proves we are all cyborgs by nature. Whoa.

A continuous evolution

Excellent news to all! As long as Homo sapiens continues to develop, our descendants will eventually be as different from us as we are from Homo erectus. A small portion of the human genome has been identified by evolutionary biologists as being subject to fast selection. It implies that population-wide gene alterations are disseminating quickly. Several of these mutations have to do with the size and development of the brain, while others have to do with how well we can tolerate particular foods (like dairy) and how resistant we are to disease.

Given that our brains are actually shrinking, some biologists have begun to ask if humans are evolving to be more intelligent. Yet, it is still unclear whether the evolutionary changes we are witnessing have anything to do with intelligence. It’s nevertheless encouraging to know that the genes that regulate one of my favorite anatomical systems are continually changing.

Given that our brains are actually shrinking, some biologists have begun to ask if humans are evolving to be more intelligent. Yet, it is still unclear whether the evolutionary changes we are witnessing have anything to do with intelligence. It’s nevertheless encouraging to know that the genes that regulate one of my favorite anatomical systems are continually changing.

Some quick facts about homo sapiens: human civilization 

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  • Over a period of 6 million years, as our early human ancestors adapted to a changing environment, the traits that now distinguish our species from other species emerged.
  • A new species of human evolved in East Africa about 200,000 years ago. It was a member of the Homo sapiens genus. Scientists have discovered that these hunter-gatherers were all of the humans who are alive today through studying the DNA of those who do.
  • As the lone survivor of a large family tree of earlier human species, we currently inhabit a unique stage in the evolution of humanity. Homo sapiens, or modern humans, lived alongside other early human species on Earth and occasionally in the same region.

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History

Top weapons during the Vikings era: The Combat Army

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Top weapons during the Vikings era: The Combat Army

The Vikings are also frequently connected with their weapons in addition to their ships. Weapons were essential for self-defence and on raids for loot. And they played a significant role in Scandinavians’ daily lives. We are familiar with a variety of weapons that show how war was fought a thousand years ago. These weapons are discovered by archaeologists in Viking-era tombs, lakes, next to fords, and at combat sites. Each discovery adds a tiny element to the overall picture of Viking combat.

During the Viking Age, swords, axes, bows and arrows, lances, and spears were among the weapons utilized. A handful of the weapons the Vikings used to protect themselves in battle included shields, helmets, and chain mail. The availability of weapons depended on how wealthy the Vikings were. Axes and lances were inexpensive weapons for warriors in the general population, while swords were the expensive weapons of the elite. Nonetheless, there are differences in how the various kinds of tools and weaponry are preserved. For instance, while helmets and chain armor are extremely uncommon to discover, rather high quantities of swords and axes have persisted until the present.

The Viking axe: weapons

With a weapon in hand, every Viking rode the waves and charged into battle. The Viking axe was the weapon of choice for them the majority of the time.

The Viking axes’ long handle and a cutting edge that varied in length from 3 to 18 inches, depending on the owner’s wealth, offered the user a significant advantage in reach. They were normally fastened in place by a belt and worn around the waist.

Ulfberht, or Viking sword

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Vikings were a people who were born into fighting, therefore it should not be surprising that they would not limit themselves to just one type of armament, despite being frequently linked with the axe.

As opposed to the Viking axe, the Ulfberht, or Viking sword, was less frequently seen. Iron was scarce during this period of mediaeval weaponry, therefore it was normally exclusively owned by the wealthier members of Viking society.

The standard Viking blade was still a powerful tool for destruction, nevertheless. The 35-inch-long, double-edged blade was slung over the shoulder and made reachable with the right hand.

Bow And Arrow: weapons

Although close-quarters fighting is what the Vikings were most famous for (and they most certainly were), they were not only adept at it. The bow and arrow, which the Vikings first used for hunting, were soon found to be a potent weapon for defeating enemies.

A proficient Viking archer could fire twelve arrows on average every minute before the inevitable close combat started. The Viking spear, which spanned in length from three to ten feet and consequently came in a wide variety of forms, was one Viking weapon that served both close combat and ranged combat purposes.

The Viking spear: weapons

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The Viking spear, which spanned in length from three to ten feet and consequently came in a wide variety of forms, was one Viking weapon that served both close combat and ranged combat purposes.

While some Viking spears were made to be thrown long distances, others were far more robust and were better suited for close quarters battle.

Knives were the final type of weapon the Vikings carried in their massive utility belts of murder. Even slaves were allowed to possess one of these blades, thus even though they varied in size and quality, they were always within reach during the Viking era.

The affluent members of Viking culture held the Seax, a knife of far greater quality. Compared to the normal fighting knife, it was significantly bigger and more deadly, with an often bent blade. Although the Scandinavian people during this time in mediaeval history most frequently utilized these top 5 Viking weapons, they were by no means the only ones.

The Vikings were incredibly skilled fighters who were more than able to pick up any type of weaponry and use it, if necessary, in an emergency. As many people would have them depicted, the Vikings were much more than just ferocious warriors.

In addition, they were talented artisans who could create gorgeous pieces of art like the Viking longboat as well as defensive weapons.

The Armor of the Vikings

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The Vikings were renowned warriors known for their ruthlessness. And cunning who were feared throughout the nations for the destruction. They wreaked along the shoreline during the Viking age. Yet, they were not naïve; they understood that in order to maintain their way of life, they needed to arm themselves with shields, helmets, and body armour.

Viking armour was frequently made of heavily cushioned leather, which provided some defence against sharp weapons. The typical Viking frequently donned it to combat. Another popular type of armour at the time was chainmail, which was only worn by the wealthier classes due to the great demand and high cost of iron.

Viking Helmet: weapons

Although not all Vikings wore helmets, those who could did so because the extra protection it provided during close battle saved many lives. The Viking helmet was made of relatively simple materials and frequently had a simple bowl form with a metal nose guard sticking out of the middle

Contrary to common perception, there isn’t much proof that Viking helmets actually had horns, despite how frequently they were shown as having them. Horns offered very little extra protection and served only as another object for the enemy to grip onto during combat. No fighter was more practical than a Viking.

Viking shield: weapons

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It’s fascinating to learn about the Viking shield’s history. Because so few of them have been preserved throughout history. There have been several arguments among historians over how they were built. Some important artefacts have been discovered, providing some answers.

Warriors in the Viking Period raced into battle brandishing shields. Which were typically round in shape and varied in diameter from 30 to 35 inches on average.

Typically, a warrior makes their own shield, modifying it to fit their fighting style and size. A Viking shield couldn’t be too huge or too little. Since, doing so would make the bearer too exposed or slow. All of the surviving Viking shields are constructed from strong butted planks of spruce, fir, or pine.

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Medieval Life: A Peek into the Historical Era

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Medieval Life: A Peek into the Historical Era

The High Middle life saw a significant increase in population. Between 1000 and 1347, Europe’s population is thought to have increased from 35 to 80 million, but the precise reasons for this growth are still unknown. Among the theories are improved agricultural practices, a drop in slave trade, a warmer climate, and a lack of invasion during medieval life. Up to 90% of Europeans continued to live as rural peasants. Many no longer lived in remote farms, but instead had formed small settlements known as manors or villages. In a system known as manorialism, these peasants living medieval life were frequently under the control of noble overlords and owed them rent and other duties.

Throughout this time and beyond, a small number of free peasants persisted, though they were more numerous in southern European countries than in the north. Another factor in the population growth was the practice of asserting, or putting new lands into production by rewarding the peasants who settled them.

Town started developing: medieval life

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In reaction to the chaos of the time, castle construction started in the ninth and tenth centuries. These structures offered defense against invaders and rival lords. They were first constructed out of wood, subsequently out of stone. Once castles were constructed, towns grew up everywhere around them.

Early Medieval Ages Viking invasions, which forced settlements to build walls and protect their locations, were a significant influence in the growth of towns. After then, huge mediaeval walled cities with enclosed residences, stores, and churches were built. The most significant mediaeval city walls still exist in England are in York, which had prosperity for much of the later mediaeval period. York is famous for its mediaeval walls and bars (gates).

In towns as opposed to the countryside, it was more typical to send kids off to work as servants. The majority of town dwellers were merchants or craftspeople, and this activity was carefully regulated by guilds. These guilds’ members would take on young people, mostly boys, as apprentices so they could learn the trade and eventually become guild members. The master’s offspring and these apprentices both contributed to the household, or “family,” in equal measure.

Life of peasants: medieval life

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Peasant farmers made up the majority of the population in mediaeval communities, which were built of dwellings, barns, sheds, and animal pens arranged around the village square. Beyond this, grasslands and ploughed fields around the hamlet.

An agrarian calendar governed peasants’ daily activity, with the majority of their time being spent working the land and attempting to produce enough food to last another year. Church feasts commemorated the sowing and reaping seasons as well as times when both peasants and lords might take a break from their labors.

Strips of land to cultivate and harvest were allotted to the peasants who resided on a manor close to the castle. Typically, they would grow rye, oats, peas, and barley. They would harvest their crops with a scythe, sickle, or reaper. Although though each peasant family had their own individual plots of land, the peasants collaborated on activities like haying and ploughing. They were to clear woods, create roads, and perform other duties as assigned by the lord.

Even in the homes of the wealthy, comfort was not always found. Stone walls, ceilings, and floors were a constant source of heating issues. Little windows let in little light, and candles made of oil and fat frequently gave off an unpleasant smell. Wooden benches, broad tables, cabinets, and pantries made comprised the furniture. When available, linen might be nailed or adhered to benches to add some comfort. Even though they were made of the softest materials, bedbugs, lice, and other biting insects were frequently present.

Nobles during medieval times

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Even though they did not possess land directly, the nobles, including the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants under the feudal system. These nobles were awarded rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord. These lands, or fiefs, started to be regarded as hereditary during the 11th and 12th centuries, and in most places, they were no longer divided among all the heirs as they had been in the early mediaeval period. Instead, the eldest son received the majority of fiefs and territory. The nobility’s power was based on their ownership of the land, military service as heavy cavalry, control over the castles, and a number of exemptions from paying taxes or other levies.

Women during medieval ages

Throughout the Medieval Ages, women had to formally submit to a male, such as their father, spouse, or another kin. While though widows frequently had some autonomy over their own lives, they were nonetheless subject to legal limitations. According to the depictions seen in Psalters from southern Germany and England, the three main tasks carried out by peasant men and women were raising food, caring for livestock, and producing textiles. Women from various social classes engaged in various activities. Middle-class women worked in the textile, innkeeping, shopkeeping, and brewing industries, while wealthy urban women may become money lenders like their husbands or become merchants themselves. Like peasant women, townswomen were in charge of the home and had access to trade.

Children during medieval times

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The first year of life was one of the most perilous for most children growing up in mediaeval England. With as many as 50% of infants dying from a fatal illness in that period. Moreover, 20% of women died during giving delivery. Children were nurtured and cared for throughout their first year of life. Either by their parents if they came from a peasant or noble family, or maybe by a wet nurse.

A youngster started to take on a more meaningful role in family responsibilities around the age of twelve. Although girls may legally get married at the age of twelve. This wasn’t very usual unless the kid was an heiress or came from an aristocratic household. At this age, peasant children remained at home and continued to study. And advance in household and animal husbandry skills. Children in urban areas left their homes and moved in with their employers’ or masters’ homes. Noble girls studied fundamental housekeeping skills, while noble lads learned military abilities. The transition from childhood to adolescent was signified by leaving home and moving in with one’s employer or master, enrolling in college, or starting church activities.

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History

Medieval Castles: Most Extravagant in History

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Medieval Castles: Most Extravagant in History

Despite the Middle Ages also being known as the Dark Ages, a time following the fall of the Roman Empire linked with a general decline, some lovely artefacts, like medieval castles, have endured through the ages. These medieval castles are timeless.

These fortresses can be found all over Europe, each with its own distinctive characteristics. Given that many were used as retreats by kings and nobility, mediaeval castles had to be both practical, sturdy, and attractive. Some were built on top of mountains, others appeared to float over water, and some were almost buried by the leafy canopy of trees. While some of Europe’s mediaeval castles are well-known and iconic, others are less well-known.

Eltz Castle of Germany: Medieval castles

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With many landscape photographers opting to capture it during the gloomy hours of the day, Eltz Castle has progressively risen to the top of the most photographed castles on Instagram. The castle’s location on a hill, encircled by a dense forest, adds to the eerie atmosphere. It is tucked away in Rhineland-Palatine, the Moselle wine area famous for Riesling wine, and it feels like a world apart because of that.

Eltz Castle, like many other mediaeval castles, has experienced its fair share of conflict but has remained intact throughout the ages. It’s interesting to note that the Eltz Family still owns the castle.

Eilean Donan of Scotland: Medieval castles

One of the most recognizable mediaeval castles, Eilean Donan, is probably known to practically everyone. Due in part to its appearance in the 1986 movie Highlander, but also because it is one of the Western Highlands of Scotland’s must-see locations. On an island between three sea lochs, Loch Duich, Loch Long, and Loch Alsh, is this highland treasure.

It was founded in the 13th century and served as a stronghold for the Clan Mackenzie. Regrettably, the ancient castle was destroyed during the Jacobite rebellions in the 18th century, and it was rebuilt in the 20th.

The Edinburgh Castle of Scotland

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The Edinburgh Castle is another stunning Scottish landmark. It looks over Scotland’s capital from atop Castle Rock. Unsurprising, given that the majority of mediaeval castles were situated in advantageous areas; the trick was to be able to watch the adversary while remaining out of reach.

Edinburgh Castle was not spared by a turbulent past because of the conflicts between England and Scotland. The castle went through multiple Scottish and English ownership changes during the First and Second Wars of Scottish Independence.

Even today, people still flock to the city to see Edinburgh Castle, where they may partake in a number of activities and guided tours. If none of that appeals to you, why not just take in the breath-taking scenery?

Bran Castle of Romania: Medieval castles

Romania must be mentioned when discussing mediaeval castles. Most people’s first thoughts will likely be of Dracula and Transylvania. There are no known direct connections between Bran Castle in Central Romania and the persona created by Bram Stoker, despite popular belief to the contrary.

The castle itself first appeared in records in 1377, but it is built on top of a mediaeval Teutonic Knights fortress that dates to the early 13th century.

The castle rises out amongst the surrounding forests at a height of about 2500 feet above sea level. With numerous towers and turrets, it exudes mystery as it views over the lovely village of Bran.

Today, visitors to the castle can meander along the steep stairs that lead to 60 rooms with timbered ceilings.

Kilkenny Castle of Ireland

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In the second part of the 12th century, Kilkenny Castle, an iconic Anglo-Norman stone fortress in Ireland, was originally a wooden fort. The castle has undergone numerous renovations over the years and continues to contain features of different architectural styles, primarily Gothic Revival.

In the past, it was situated at a key strategic location that controlled the River Nore crossing. Nowadays, tourists may leisurely appreciate and take in the castle as it is surrounded by large gardens with well-kept lawns. The interiors of the castle are also open for tours, allowing guests to fully experience the majesty of history.

Mont-Saint-Michel Bay of France: Medieval castles

The French bay of Mont-Saint-Michel is one of the most magnificent spots on earth. Awe-inspiring and singular is the island that separates Normandy and Brittany. Anyone would find it impossible to dispute its grandeur, despite the fact that it isn’t officially a castle.

The island’s summit is occupied by a mediaeval monastery that has long drawn tourists. According to mythology, Bishop Aubert of a nearby town was given the go-ahead to construct a church on top of the island by Archangel Michael himself. The late 10th century saw the beginning of Benedictine abbey construction.

The environment around the island is always changing due to how swiftly the bay’s tides can recede and reveal a completely different scene.

Windsor Castle of England: Medieval castles

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Windsor Castle in England, which served as the residence of British royalty for centuries, is arguably one of the most well-known castles in all of Europe. This Berkshire palace has been used by the ruling monarch continuously since Henry I ruled England in the 12th century, making it the European palace with the longest continuous occupancy.

13 acres of land surround the castle, which has a fortification, a palace, and a small hamlet. The castle now has Gothic elements and a Georgian and Victorian style that is based on a mediaeval building. The castle is filled with impressive and renowned works of art, as one would anticipate in any royal residence.

Castel del Monte of Southern Italy: Medieval castles

Unsurprisingly, when most people see mediaeval castles, they picture angular towers rising above treetops. A notable exception is Castle del Monte in Southern Italy, however not all meet this criteria.

Emperor Frederick II constructed the Apulia region’s castle in the thirteenth century. Elements from ancient antiquity, the Islamic East. And north European Cistercian Gothic can be found on the austere and fortress-like octagon façade. The castle itself has not undergone any substantial structural alterations. And it is perched on a steep peak in a remote woodland.

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History

The worst wars happened throughout mankind

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The worst wars happened throughout mankind

Like most battles, the majority of casualties in the deadliest conflicts in history have been innocent civilians. Throughout the beginning of time, wars have been in human history. The earliest evidence of human combat points to the first fight occurring near the boundary between Egypt and Sudan some 13,000 years ago. This battle is thought to have started as a result of rivalry for resources, in this case, water. The majority of conflicts in human history have occurred for a variety of causes, including poverty, weak governmental leadership, civil unrest, religion, territorial disputes, lack of resources, and a host of other issues. After that, let’s take a look at the historically worst wars.

Second Congo War (1998–2003)

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One of the bloodiest conflicts in history and the deadliest in contemporary African history was the Second Congo War (1998–2003). Over the course of this five-year war, around 5.4 million people perished. Even while the genocides caused a significant portion of the deaths, the war’s effects on diseases and famine also contributed.

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)

During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), a confederation of European states faced forth against the French Empire and its allies. The Napoleonic Wars are the collective name for a string of battles between the French Empire and the coalitions that opposed it, including the War of the Third Coalition, the Fourth, the Fifth, the Sixth, and the Seventh and Last Coalition. According to estimates, the fighting at this time killed between 3.5 and 6 million people directly or indirectly.

Thirty Years’ War

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The Thirty Years’ War, as its name suggests, took place between Catholic and Protestant governments in Central Europe from 1618 to 1648. The battles finally attracted the major European powers, leading to one of the bloodiest, deadliest, and longest wars in European history. According to estimates, 8 million people—both military personnel and civilians—died as a result of the war.

Chinese Civil War

Between the Kuomintang, which was supported by the government, and the Communist Party of China, the Chinese Civil War broke out in August of 1927. By 1950, more than 8 million people had died as a result of the murders and other atrocities committed by both sides.

Russian Civil War

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More than 9 million people died in the Russian Civil War, 8 million of whom were civilians. The conflict, which was fought between the Red Army and the White Army, lasted from 1917 to 1922, immediately following the Russian Revolutions of 1917.

The Dungan Rebellion

The Dungan Rebellion was a conflict that took place in 19th-century China’s Qing Dynasty between the Hans, an East Asian-born Chinese ethnic group, and the Huis, a group of Chinese Muslims. 20 million people died as a result of the war, mainly due to famine and migration brought on by the conflict.

Lushan Rebellion: worst wars

Between the years 755 and 763, there was a revolt in China called the An Lushan Rebellion. Although the death toll is difficult to estimate, census data from the years after the war suggests that about 36 million people—roughly two-thirds of the empire’s population—were lost.

First World War

The Central Powers and the Allies fought each other in the First World War. Despite only lasting 4 years, from 1914 to 1918, the war killed over 18 million people. About 11 million of the 18 million fatalities were caused by military people, and about 7 million were civilians.

The Taiping Rebellion: worst wars

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The Taiping Rebellion, which took place from 1850 and 1864, was yet another major conflict in China. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom’s Christian millenarian movement and the Qing Dynasty engaged in combat. Although there isn’t a precise figure, most estimates place the death toll from the Taiping Rebellion between 20 and 30 million.

Second Sino-Japanese War: worst wars

Between 1937 and 1945, the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War. It is generally accepted that the Marco Polo Bridge Incident served as the catalyst for the war, which later erupted into a full-scale conflict that claimed the lives of nearly 4 million Chinese and Japanese soldiers as well as 25 million civilians.

World War II: worst wars

Almost 70 million people died in the conflict, which pitted the Allies and the Axis powers in the worst conflict in history. The war, which is notorious for its genocide against the Jewish people, also resulted in the deaths of more than 50 million civilians.

American Civil War

In terms of deaths, the American Civil War was the bloodiest and deadliest conflict ever waged in human history. The conflict stands out as one of the bloodiest conflicts ever fought in human history. The union and the states of the confederacy fought this conflict. The bloody conflict is also known as the conflict between the states. The American Civil War portrayed a situation in which simmering hostility existed between the southern and northern states of America (which had been thrust into a state of conflict due to urgent issues like the rights of the states, slavery, and sectional disputes, etc.). Between the years of 1861 and 1865, the blood feud persisted.

The Kalinga War

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One of the fiercest and bloodiest feuds in human history is attested to by the Kalinga War. The brutal conflict was fought in 261 BCE, under the Mauryan empire’s rule. Emperor Ashoka fought a war against the Kalinga state in India. The conflict was caused by Ashoka’s desire to incorporate Kalinga into his empire. Ashoka’s army attacked Kalinga, and after a bloody battle, his army was able to defeat Kalinga’s army. But, the Kalinga war was so harsh and deadly that it permanently altered Ashoka.

Dafur Conflict: worst wars

Early in 2003, rebel groups began to take up arms against Sudanese President Omar al-regime Bashir’s in Khartoum, rekindling long-simmering tensions in the western Sudanese region of Darfur. The U.S. administration later referred to the conflict’s outbreak as the first genocide of the twenty-first century. The Sudanese government equipped and funded Arab militias that became known as Janjaweed. After rebel groups won a number of notable battles against the country’s military.  And ethnic cleansing against Darfur’s civilian population.

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History

The wealthiest monarchs in the world

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The wealthiest monarchs in the world

Although the word “royalty” no longer has any real meaning in the modern world, it does have some extravagant and inflated synonyms. But some monarchs continue to rule the world on the basis of their money, whether or not they have formal authority. These are wealthiest monarchs.

Let us put a stop to you right there if when you hear the word “royals,” Queen Elizabeth II is the first name that comes to mind. She may be the monarch with the longest reign, but she is undoubtedly not the richest. The Queen of England reportedly has a net worth of $530 million, which is insignificant when compared to the billions owned by other monarchs who still have administrative authority in their own nations, according to GQ India.

KING MAHA VAJIRALONGKORN, THAILAND: wealthiest monarchs

IMAGE CREDITS: World history Encyclopedia.com

In 2016, the 67-year-old monarch succeeded his father, who had died. The Crown Property Bureau is in charge of managing his money. His family has 40,000 rental agreements around the country, including 17,000 in the capital, and controls more than 16,210 acres of land in Thailand. Also, the King owns a sizable portion of the Siam Commercial Bank and Siam Cement Group. Also, the Thai king is the owner of the Golden Jubilee Diamond, the biggest cut and faceted diamond in the world. As if all of that weren’t enough. His extravagant lifestyle and fortune have not gone unnoticed by Thai people. Because of this, Thai youth have been demonstrating for a few months to change the monarchy.

SULTAN HASSANAL BOLKIAH, BRUNEI: wealthiest monarchs

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah is the second-longest-reigning king in the world after Queen Elizabeth II. He is also Brunei’s prime minister, making him the uncontested ruler of the nation. He is said to have made his money through working in the oil and natural gas export industry. In fact, the Sultan has been ranked among the richest people in the world. Also, he resides in the Istana Nurul Iman, which has over 1,778 rooms and is the largest residential palace in the entire globe. The Sultan is reportedly rumored to own a fleet of approximately 600 Rolls Royce automobiles.

KING SALMAN ABDULAZIZ BIN SAUD, SAUDI ARABIA

IMAGE CREDITS: The Guardian.com

In this list, King Salman Abdulaziz bin Saud might be third. But if his family’s fortune is taken into account, the Saudi Arabian Saud Family, which has more than $1 trillion in assets, is the richest family in the world. In contrast to many countries on this list, the Saudi monarch has been the undisputed center of authority and power in the oil peninsula for many years.

This family is extremely secretive about their riches and goods, aside from the amount he and his family generate from oil and investments. Yet as we all know, they also own some of the priciest homes, automobiles, yachts, helicopters, private jets, artwork, and more.

EMIR KHALIFA BIN ZAYED AL NAHYAN, ABU DHABI

He is both the President of the United Arab Emirates and the Emir of Abu Dhabi. Yet, he made his money by holding the position of chairman of the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, which is reported to be worth $500 billion and manages the UAE’s excess oil. The Sheikh apparently owns numerous properties in London, and Manchester City FC is also owned by his half-brother. But what has made him most well-known is his charity.

EMIR SHEIKH MOHAMMED BIN RASHID AL MAKTOUM OF DUBAI

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Major businesses including Emirates Airlines, The Jumeirah Group, and DP World can be attributed to the Vice President of the United Arab Emirates and Emir Sheikh of Dubai, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. He also disregarded important initiatives like transforming Dubai into the futuristic community it is now, building the Palm Islands, and constructing the Burj Khalifa. In addition, he has equestrian training and is a well-known Arabic poet.

GRAND DUKE HENRI, LUXEMBOURG: wealthiest monarchs

The Duke of Luxembourg, his wife, five children, and four grandchildren all reside in the Berg Castle. Also, his family has a vacation property in the southern French town of Cabasson. Also, the family has reportedly received more than $300,000 every year since 1948 to perform its royal duties.

PRINCE HANS ADAM II, LIECHTENSTEIN: wealthiest monarchs

The largest family-owned private wealth company in Europe, Liechtenstein Global Trust, is owned by the Prince of Liechtenstein. As a result, he is also the richest monarch in Europe. He is also quite the art collector, and the Liechtenstein Museum is home to his lavish collection. His wealth is also a result of investments in vineyards and an agricultural firm.

EMIR SHEIKH TAMIM BIN HAMAD AL THANI OF QATAR

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The Qatar Investment Authority, which is responsible for managing the nation’s excess oil and gas reserves, was established by the Sheikh of Qatar and is managed by him. Famously, he also donated $137 million to Al Jazeera, the first international news network in the Arab world. The (then) 39-year-old king was the youngest head of state in the world as of 2018.

KING MOHAMMED VI, MOROCCO: wealthiest monarchs

Mohammed VI, the current king of Morocco, earns $488,604 a year. Yet he is also a cunning banker and businessman in addition to being King. His family owns the majority of the Société Nationale d’Investissement (SNI), which includes businesses engaged in banking, mining, real estate, tourism, insurance, telecommunications, and other industries. In addition, he owns a big parcel of rural land. Additionally, a Forbes report asserted that the Moroccan government was in charge of his palace’s $960,000 daily operating budget.

PRINCE ALBERT II, MONACO: wealthiest monarchs

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The Société des bains de mer de Monaco, the organization in charge of managing the wealth of the Monte Carlo Casino and Opéra de Monte-Carlo, is where Prince Albert II, the illustrious Grace Kelly’s son, derives his wealth. In addition, he is the owner of his mother’s house in Philadelphia. In fact, his 2011 nuptials to South African Olympic swimmer Charlene Wittstock were among the most expensive weddings ever.

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History

The deadliest epidemics in history 

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The deadliest epidemics in history

History has witnessed many deadliest epidemics. These deadliest epidemics lead to the death of many. In this article we bring for you some of these deadliest epidemics and the havoc they created.

Epidemic at ‘Hamin Mangha’: deadliest epidemics

IMAGE CREDITS: Britannica.com

A Chinese prehistoric town was wiped out by an epidemic some 5,000 years ago. Inside a residence that was later set on fire, the dead were stacked high. The house included the skeletons of people of all ages, including children, teenagers, and adults.

The prehistoric site, which is today known as “Hamin Mangha,” is one of the best preserved in northeastern China. According to anthropological and archaeological research, the outbreak happened too swiftly to allow for adequate graves, and the area was never occupied again.

Prior to the discovery of Hamin Mangha, a different prehistoric mass grave from around the same time period was located in northeastern China at a location named Miaozigou.

Plague at Athens: deadliest epidemics

A disease that decimated Athens for five years struck the city in around 430 B.C., not long after Athens and Sparta started fighting. The death toll has been estimated to be as high as 100,000. According to the Greek historian Thucydides, those who were well suddenly began to experience “great heats in the head, redness and inflammation in the eyes, the internal parts, such as the throat or tongue, turning crimson and releasing an unnatural and foetid breath” (460–400 B.C.).

Many academics think that the war’s effects on population density made the disease worse.

ANTONINE PLAGUE

IMAGE CREDITS: CNBC.com

Campaigning soldiers brought more than just the prizes of victory back to the Roman Empire. In an article included in the book “Disability in Antiquity,” published by Routledge in 2017, senior lecturer in Roman history April Pudsey claimed that the Antonine Plague, which may have been smallpox, decimated the army and may have killed over 5 million people in the Roman empire.

Several historians concur that soldiers returning home from a battle with Parthia carried the disease into the Roman Empire for the first time. Due to an increase in internal conflicts and “barbarian” group incursions after 180 A.D., the Roman Empire became increasingly unstable. In the years that followed the epidemic, Christianity gained popularity.

Plague of Cyprian: deadliest epidemics

Archaeologists in Luxor discovered what looks to be a mass grave for plague victims in 2014. Their bodies had a thick film of lime covering them (historically used as a disinfectant).

 JUSTINIAN PLAGUE

The bubonic plague decimated the Byzantine Empire, which signalled the beginning of its decline. After that, the epidemic occasionally returned. According to some estimates, up to 10% of the world’s population perished.

The Byzantine Empire expanded to its greatest size during his rule, encompassing lands from the Middle East to Western Europe. Justinian contracted the plague as well but lived. However, after the plague, his empire began to lose ground slowly.

THE BLACK DEATH

IMAGE CREDITS: The Globe and Mail.com

From Asia to Europe, the Black Death spread, wreaking havoc in its wake. Some estimates claim that it wiped off more than half of the population in Europe.

The epidemic altered the history of Europe. With so many people dead, it was harder to find labor, which led to higher wages for employees and the abolition of serfdom in Europe. According to studies, the workers who survived had easier access to meat and tastier bread.

COCOLIZTLI EPIDEMIC: deadliest epidemics

A viral haemorrhagic fever infection that led to the cocoliztli epidemic claimed 15 million lives in Mexico and Central America.

Nowadays, enteric fever remains a serious health risk since it can result in high fever and other health issues.

THE PLAGUES OF AMERICA

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The Eurasian diseases that made up the American Plagues were spread by European travellers to the Americas. Smallpox was among the diseases that led to the decline of the Inca and Aztec empires. 

In 1532, the Spanish army under Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Incas.  Both times, sickness had decimated the Aztec and Incan armies, rendering them helpless against the Spanish army.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the study of history’s deadliest epidemics serves as a sobering reminder of the devastating toll that infectious diseases have exacted on human populations. These pandemics have left indelible marks on societies, affecting not only public health but also political, economic, and cultural aspects of life. While many advances in medical science and public health measures have significantly reduced the impact of deadly diseases in modern times, the lessons learned from past epidemics continue to inform our response to current health crises. These lessons include the importance of early detection, quarantine measures, vaccination, and international cooperation. Furthermore, these catastrophic events have shown the resilience and adaptability of human societies in the face of adversity.

The list of history’s deadliest epidemics highlights the significance of ongoing research and preparedness efforts to prevent future pandemics. The emergence of new infectious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the need for global collaboration, robust healthcare systems, and swift responses to mitigate the spread of deadly pathogens.

Ultimately, while history has witnessed some of the deadliest epidemics known to humanity, it also reflects the triumph of human ingenuity, innovation, and solidarity in the face of these challenges. The scientific advances in the field of epidemiology and the development of vaccines have revolutionized our ability to combat infectious diseases. As we reflect on the lessons from our past, we are reminded of the collective responsibility to protect public health and safeguard the well-being of future generations. By applying the knowledge gained from these historical tragedies, we can better equip ourselves to prevent and respond to the epidemics of tomorrow, ensuring a healthier and safer world for all.

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Most powerful empires which existed in the world

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Most powerful empires which existed in the world

Much of the world has historically been governed by empires. An area of land must be ruled politically by a monarch, an emperor, or an oligarchy in order to be referred to as an empire.

We thought it would be fascinating to look at the biggest empires in history since the decline of the United States is being hailed in the news and opinion of the world. The only thing they all have in common, other from their leadership style, is that they all vanished.

Rashidun Caliphate: powerful empires

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Almost 6% of the earth’s landmass, or more than 3 million square miles, was occupied by the Rashidun Caliphate. As Muhammad passed away in 632 AD, his followers fought to take over his empire while the great prophet’s family prepared for his funeral. This is when the Islamic Empire was born.

Even though it was a Caliphate or a religiously based empire, the people of different religions who were captured received favourable treatment. As long as they paid taxes to the Caliph, they were free to practice the religion they chose.

Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire was both the first global empire and the longest-lasting colonial power in modern Europe.

The empire started in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta and finished in 1999 with the transfer of Macau. Brazil, the most valuable colony of the empire, gained independence in 1822. All of the empire’s colonies, with the exception of Macau, were granted independence after a struggle to topple the regime in 1974. In 1999, Macau was given over to China.

Abbasid Caliphate: powerful empires

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More over 7% of the earth’s area, or 4.29 million square miles, was occupied by the Abbasid Caliphate. In 750, the empire claimed to have a population of undetermined size, with Baghdad serving as its capital.

The empire lasted from 750 until 1258, and although population figures are unclear, it only started to decrease as the Turkish army gained strength.

Umayyad Caliphate: powerful empires

5.02 million square miles, or more than 8% of the total area of the planet, were occupied by the Umayyad Caliphate. Almost 30% of the world’s population, or 62 million people, lived in the empire between 720 and 750.

While the Umayyad line started in Mecca and chose Damascus as its headquarters, the second Islamic caliphate was established in Arabia after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Between 661 to 750 A.D., the Umayyad Caliphate, so named for the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph, governed.

Yuan Dynasty: powerful empires

More over 9% of the earth’s landmass, or 5.41 million square miles, was occupied during the Yuan Dynasty. In 1291, the empire was home to about 60 million people, or 17% of the entire world’s population. In 1271, the Genghis Khan’s great-grandson established the Yuan Dynasty.

Kublai Khan unified all of China by capturing the capital of the opposing Southern Song Dynasty five years after the empire was established. The dynasty lived a prosperous life, promoting trade with other nations and receiving a visit from renowned Italian trader Marco Polo.

Qing Dynasty: powerful empires

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Almost 10% of the earth’s landmass, or 5.68 million square miles, was occupied during the Qing Dynasty. More over 35% of the world’s population, or more than 432 million people, lived in the empire in 1851.

The Qing Dynasty, which was established after the Chinese vanquished the Mongols, controlled China from the 17th to the 20th century, with its heyday in the 1800s. Upon the conclusion of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China assumed control of the government.

Spanish Empire

More over 13% of the earth’s landmass, or 7.72 million square miles, was occupied by the Spanish Empire. Between 1740 and 1790, the empire had 68.2 million inhabitants, or nearly 12% of the world’s population.

In some regions of Africa, Spain’s empire persisted into the later 20th century and dates back to the time of Christopher Columbus. The second most spoken language in the world now is Spanish.

Russian Empire

More than 15% of the earth’s landmass, or 9.15 million square miles, was occupied by the Russian Empire.

In 1913, the empire had 176.4 million inhabitants, accounting for more than 9% of the global population. Before to World War I, one of the five major powers in Europe and the last absolute monarchy in the continent was Russia. during the empire’s reign. Five socioeconomic estates were rigorously divided from one another. The brutal Russian Revolution of 1917 brought an end to the Russian Empire.

The Mongol Empire

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More over 16% of the earth’s area, or 9.15 million square miles, was occupied by the Mongol Empire. From 1270 and 1309, the empire had 110 million inhabitants, or more than 25% of the world’s population.

The Mongol Empire, which was the largest continuous empire in history, was formed as a result of Genghis Khan’s unification of the Turkish and Mongol tribes. Throughout their empire, the Mongols made strides in a number of beliefs and technology. The Mongolian Empire fell into a lengthy, sluggish collapse beginning in 1331, which culminated in Russia’s takeover of the country in 1783.

British Empire

More over 22% of the earth’s landmass, or 13.01 million square miles, was occupied by the British Empire. In 1938, the empire had 458 million citizens, accounting for more than 20% of the global population.

The British Empire initially consisted of trading stations and colonies abroad, but eventually it also included dominions, protectorates, and mandates.

It contained 13 million square miles of land, or more over 22% of the total landmass of the planet. 458 million people, or roughly 20% of the world’s population, lived in the Empire in 1922. The British Empire’s demise was ushered in by the financial weight of World War I.

Persian Empire: powerful empires

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Cyrus the Great, often known as King of Kings, established the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 550 BCE (Shahanshah). The Persian Empire had a lasting impact on the advancement of world civilizations and following empires, despite meeting an unceremonious end at the hands of Alexander the Great in 330 B.C.E. The Persian Empire played a crucial role in world history because it was the first real empire and defined what an empire was for all succeeding ones.

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History

Famous people in history that went bankrupt

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Famous people in history that went bankrupt

Some time even famous people may have little choice but to file for bankruptcy if they are unable to pay their debts, notwithstanding the stigma attached to it. Financial hell can be reached by famous people at any income level due to reckless risk-taking, shady dealing, out-of-control spending, a large tax burden, or just plain poor luck. And as we shall see some famous and rich people end up in bankruptcy

Abraham Lincoln: famous people

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Abraham Lincoln was left high and dry in 1833 after borrowing $1,000 to buy a general store in New Salem, Illinois, even though he wasn’t technically bankrupt in the modern sense of the word. The following year, the company went bankrupt, and Lincoln was unable to settle the obligation. It took the future president a while to pay off his debts when his two remaining assets—his horse and surveying tools—were seized.

Veronica Lake

Film siren Veronica Lake, who is known for her femme fatale appearances in 1940s movies such This Gun for Hire and The Blue Dahlia, not to mention her much-imitated wavy haircut, had a major alcohol addiction that contributed to her decline as a star. Towards the conclusion of her cinematic career in 1951, Lake filed for bankruptcy.

The sad actress’s property was confiscated by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) due to unpaid taxes, and she had obligations of $156,574 vs assets of $168,050. Early in the 1960s, Lake worked as a cocktail waitress before returning to acting in 1963. She appeared on stage and in a number of TV programs before passing away very soon, at the age of 50, from an alcohol-related illness.

Aaron Carter: famous people

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Aaron Carter, the younger sibling of Backstreet Boy Nick Carter followed his sibling into the entertainment industry and amassed a staggering $200 million by the time he was 18 years old, which should have provided him with a comfortable lifestyle. There was one catch, though. Carter owes the Federal Revenue Service millions of dollars as a result of his failure to pay his taxes.

The former child star alleged that his parents mismanaged his finances. At the age of 26, Carter declared bankruptcy under Chapter 7 with assets totaling just $8,232 and obligations totaling $2.2 million, the majority of which was owing to US tax authorities. Carter has since put a lot of effort into making ends meet by putting out songs and appearing in as many performances as he can, but in 2017 he was arrested for DUI and marijuana possession.

Mark Twain: famous people

The famous American author Mark Twain, real name Samuel Clemens, earned a decent living from writing but squandered a fortune on investments in cutting-edge machinery, most notably the Paige typesetting machine. During the 1880s and the early 1890s, Twain invested $300,000 on the device, but when the Linotype made it obsolete, he was severely out of pocket.

In a New York state court, the Father of American literature declared himself bankrupt in 1894. He owed $100,000, which with inflation would be equivalent to $2.9 million. Thankfully, Twain’s financial situation improved with the aid of industrialist from the Gilded Age Henry Huttleston Rogers, and he fully repaid his creditors while having no legal duty to do so.

Mickey Rooney

Mickey Rooney, an actor and comedian, had a personal fortune of almost $12 million during the height of his career. Yet by the start of the 1960s, the guy Vanity Fair called “the original Hollywood train catastrophe” had consumed the majority. In 1962, he made a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing.

Rooney had expensive drug and alcohol problems, was a compulsive gambler, and squandered his money on top of it all. The celebrity never recovered his riches, and in 2011, before a Senate Select Committee hearing, he accused his family members of elder abuse and financial exploitation. The 95-year-old Hollywood legend passed away in 2014 with an estate worth just $18,000 and unpaid medical bills and taxes.

Henry John Heinz: famous people

Henry John Heinz, who founded the household name in food, was forced to file for bankruptcy in 1875 when the Panic of 1873 forced his condiment company, Heinz Noble & Company, into administration. The company’s horseradish relish, which was based on his mother’s traditional recipe, had dismal sales, which was primarily to blame for the failure.

Heinz, who had $160,000 in debt and only $110,000 in assets, narrowly avoided going to jail and at one point had trouble paying for food. Fortunately, the resourceful entrepreneur started F & J Heinz the following year. Shortly after, he introduced the company’s renowned Tomato Ketchup, and the rest is history.

Boris Becker: famous people

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Boris Becker, a tennis player and member of the UK High Court. Had a once-estimated net worth of approximately $131 million. Nevertheless, he was declared bankrupt in 2017 in London. Due to debts that are thought to have totalled $4.1 million owed to the private bank Arbuthnot Latham. The six-time Grand Slam champion may owe his numerous creditors up to $70.7 million, according to the German media.

Becker was accused of concealing assets in 2019, including a Chelsea, London, house and £1.2 million in cash. Then, in October 2020, Becker was accused of providing cash to individuals. As well as not revealing his awards and medals to bankruptcy trustees, however the former tennis champion disputed this.

Karen Millen: famous people

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With just £100 ($220), fashion entrepreneur Karen Millen co-founded her own company in 1981. In 1983, she opened her first store in Maidstone, England. In the 1980s and 1990s. The British chain continued to grow. And by the beginning of the 2000s, Karen Millen had 130 locations worldwide. When the company was purchased by the Icelandic firm Mosaic Fashions in 2004. Millen made a tidy sum of £35 million.

Despite the fortune, Millen eventually found himself in serious financial problems. The former fashion mogul asserts that she was duped into participating in a dubious tax evasion scheme. And that Kaupthing, the collapsed Icelandic bank that provided financing for the acquisition of her business, had robbed her. In 2016, she was declared bankrupt.

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History

The basic facts about human history

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The basic facts about human history

The adage “Those who don’t know history are destined to repeat it” is true. (Or anything comparable). Yeah, it’s crucial to learn your history—not just the famous figures and significant events, but also the smaller facts that shed light on their lives or the times they lived in. Perhaps it’s startling facts that causes you to re-evaluate accepted wisdom. That could be bizarre facts that is too unbelievable to be true. Whatever the case, the most entertaining basic facts are probably the titbits that are so bizarre and unique that they could never be replicated, even by someone who wanted to.

Understanding human history’s basic facts is essential to grasp the evolution of our species. From ancient civilizations to modern societies, these key points shape our journey through time and our shared global narrative.

Throughout history, humans have exhibited remarkable resilience, adaptability, and creativity. From the emergence of writing systems to the exploration of space, our quest for knowledge and progress has been relentless. This introductory knowledge forms the foundation for delving deeper into the complex tapestry of our shared past.

Once, turkeys were worshipped: historical facts

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Despite the fact that the turkey is today America’s favorite Thanksgiving dish, the Mayans revered these large birds in 300 B.C. and regarded them as conduits of the gods. As a result, they domesticated them and used them in sacred rituals. These were status and power emblems that may be seen all across Maya iconography and archaeology.

‘The British are coming’: historical facts

While everyone is aware of the legend surrounding Revere’s illustrious journey during which he is credited with shouting “The British are coming!” to alert the colonial militia to the impending enemy, This isn’t true at all. The mission was intended to be covert and quiet since British forces were skulking in the countryside of Massachusetts, according to History.com. Colonial Americans also still saw themselves as British.

Medals for fine arts at Olympic

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The Olympic Games featured fine arts competitions from 1912 to 1948. Literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, and music all received awards. Of course, the artwork had to have an Olympic theme. The inclusion of the arts was deemed vital by Pierre de Frédy, the man who created the modern Olympics, because the ancient Greeks used to host art festivals concurrently with the games. 151 medals were presented before to the art competitions being subsequently eliminated.

Women banned from smoking: historical facts

According to The Sullivan Law, a city ordinance that forbids women (and only women!) from smoking in public. Mulcahey fought about her rights to smoke in public during her hearing before the district court. She received a $5 fine.

John Adams- first president to live in white house

Before John Adams took office, no president resided there. George Washington is the only president to date who has not resided in the White House, which is interesting.

Edison didn’t invent light bulb

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Despite Edison’s astounding 1,093 patents, the majority of them were not his original ideas. He took the most of them. Warren de la Rue, a British astronomer and chemist, actually invented the first light bulb forty years before Thomas Edison, even if he did obtain the patent for it in 1880.

Origin of our species: historical facts

According to scientists, between about ten and two million years ago in what is now Africa, the evolutionary process that led to humans began with monkeys.

Our African ancestors

Because to climatic changes that caused the continent’s forest cover to decline in favour of grasslands, early people are considered to have dropped from trees. Little groups of early people in Africa are said to have roamed the continent nomadically while looking for food.

Palaeolithic life: historical facts

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Palaeolithic peoples might have believed in the afterlife, according to burials found with domestic items.

Stone age: historical facts

The majority of history curricula place a strong emphasis on the technological advancements of later times, but studying stone-age technology, such as friction firewalking techniques, stone blades, clothing, etc., can be just as fascinating. Arguably the most important development was humankind’s mastery of fire, which dates back to some 100,000 to 400,000 years ago.

Agriculture: historical facts

Human societies started to move away from being nomadic and towards village and city life through cultivating crops. For the first time, this allowed for significant population increase and had a significant impact on deforestation. It also caused communities to become more stratified. Agriculture, towns or other major communities, sophisticated technologies, and organized government are what defined early civilizations and continue to do so today (often kingship).

Mesopotamian civilizations

A long line of Mesopotamian civilizations followed Sumeria, engaging in almost continual conflict with one another. The Akkadian Empire was ascendant and militarily enlarging to the west and southeast by around 4,300 years ago. Elam, Amorite, Babylon, Hittite, Assyrian, and other early civilizations are among those in this area that are noteworthy. Indian civilizations: historical facts

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This was the largest early civilization, with about 5 million people living there.  This civilization is renowned for its advancements in science, measurement, art, and other fields, as well as its comparatively low levels of social stratification. The Vedic culture came after the Indus Valley Civilization.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the basic facts about human history is crucial for comprehending our shared journey as a species. From our early days as hunter-gatherers to the rise of complex civilizations, we have witnessed remarkable achievements, cultural diversity, and technological advancements. Recognizing the impact of significant events, such as the Agricultural Revolution and the spread of religions, helps us appreciate the foundations of our modern world. Human history has been a dynamic, sometimes tumultuous, but always intriguing saga, with the potential for continued growth and progress. By grasping these fundamental historical facts, we gain valuable insights into our collective heritage.

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History

How to memorize the modern history quickly

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How to memorize the modern history quickly

To memorize modern history can be challenging for many pupils. Yet it’s crucial to keep in mind that history is really a compilation of tales. We can better understand ourselves and our place in the world by studying history. Most history instructors want their pupils to memorize more about history than just memorizing names and dates. Nonetheless, there are situations when simply writing down the fundamentals might be beneficial or even necessary. Take courage if you struggle to memorize everything you should. There are many methods you can employ to memorize historical information.

Rhyming the information: memorize history

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Include the facts in a rhyme. Rhyming and even music can be used to help you remember information. Your comprehension of how important events, persons, dates, etc. fit together can also be improved by introducing rhythm or the melody of a simple song into your memorizing.

Rhyming can help you commit knowledge to your long-term memory. The proverb “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue” is a perfect example.

Make a mnemonic system: memorize history

You can remember things in a certain sequence by using the initial letter of a string of connected key words to create a humorous and memorable phrase. When attempting to recall events in the sequence they occurred, this can be extremely helpful.

For instance, the phrase “Gill Underestimated Cliff’s Power” can help you recall the names of the four principal Allies in World War II: China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain.

Using other senses

To jog your memories, use your other senses. Studies show that you will be better able to recall information if you study while inhaling a certain distinctive aroma (such as rosemary, for example), and then use that scent later when you need to recollect the content.

Similar to this, learning while listening to soothing music can aid in subsequent memory retention.

Think visually: memorize history

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Try to connect a fact with an image in your head to help you remember it. If you are a very visual learner, drawing the image out might even be helpful. The meaning of the image might not always be obvious.

For instance, you might envision a Red Sox mug with hot tea in it if you’re trying to acquire facts about the Boston Tea Party.

Apply the loci approach

In the sequence that you typically go around your house, assign various historical events, facts, or phrases to each separate room. For instance, to recall the start of World War I, think of your front door and the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, on June 28, 1914. Consider your home’s front door in relation to Serbia, which Austria-Hungary accused for the killings and went to war with on July 28, 1914.

Using a familiar architecture, you create a “memory palace” utilizing the loci method, an old method of memorizing information. If you’re trying to recall a series of historical occurrences, you might link the first one to your front door.

Jot down significant information: memorize history

In your textbook, lecture notes, and any handouts you may have on the subject, make a thorough list of all the significant names, dates, and ideas.

The terms “the Dust Bowl,” “the Great Depression,” “Franklin D. Roosevelt,” and “the New Deal,” among others, can be on your list of important terms if you are studying American history in the 1930s. List everything in handwriting. Studies show that writing things down by hand as opposed to typing them out on a computer is the best way to retain information.

A fact with its significance

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Explain each term and its meaning. You should write two or three sentences describing each item on your list and why it is significant. If it is a certain day or year, you should first explain what occurred on that day before explaining why it is important historically.

For instance, Japan destroyed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The fact that this incident prompted the United States to join the war makes it significant.

Hand-written flashcards: memorize history

Create flashcards from your list that are written by hand. Create a flashcard out of each item on your list. On one side, type the essential phrase, name, or date; on the other, its meaning and importance.

  • Put red ink on a white background because studies have shown that this aids in memory.
  • Making flashcards is made easy with index cards.
  • Cross-referencing important phrases in your definitions might help you keep track of how particular individuals, locations, occasions, or dates relate to one another.

Take a test

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Test your knowledge of each term’s definition and significance by answering the questions while comparing your response to the card’s reverse. Declare your responses aloud. Move the card to a different pile when you can recite the right response so that you can concentrate on the questions you don’t know the answer to.

In the days and hours before an exam or a paper is due, keep going over the cards. By doing so, you have a better chance of storing the knowledge in your long-term memory.

List all of the significant dates: memorize history

Take note of important dates in your readings, in your class notes, and on any handouts you may have received. Organize this data into a list, and be sure to preserve the dates in the correct order. For instance, to recall the chronology of American involvement in the Vietnam War, emphasize important dates and occasions from May 7, 1954, when Vietnamese forces engaged the French at Dien Bien Phu, to March 1973, when the last American soldiers left South Vietnam, bringing an unresolved conflict to an end.

Timelines are particularly useful for describing wars, political upheavals, and scientific or medical discoveries since these events frequently take place over a period of time that is fast-paced, factually dense, and builds on itself.

Put together your timeline: memorize history

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From one end of the page to the other, draw a straight line. Then, start entering your dates in the order of the earliest to the latest. Next to each date, doodle a box, and start filling it up with the important details you need to remember. Make careful to mention significant individuals, occasions, and locations.

Give yourself enough of room to enter all the necessary information.

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History

World History: How to get familiar with ‘Big History’

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World History: How to get familiar with ‘Big History’

According to scholars, the Middle East is where written history first emerged some 5,000 years ago. The United Nations now recognizes close to 200 countries, each of which has a diverse population of ethnicities, cultures, and languages within its ever-evolving borders. The world history concerns us all. To a little of world history is to know the world in entirety.

Where should a World Cultures or World History teacher start, other than randomly dropping your finger onto a rotating globe or throwing a dart at a timeline? The world’s history is frequently presented in textbooks as a timeline of incidents. Others examine topics like science, agriculture, or religion from a thematic perspective.

Creation of big history: world history

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Big history is in some significant ways similar to conventional creation stories even though it makes use of contemporary, scientific evidence. In order to craft plausible tales that helped people get their bearings in place and time, these also made use of the finest information that was available in the civilizations in which they were developed. They provided people with maps of space and time so they could declare, “That’s where I am,” and that is what gave them such power.

Yet, creation myths are not original. You may find maps of this kind in all the major religious and cultural traditions. People have tried to understand human history as part of the larger story of the whole Universe within all these traditions.

“Universal histories”

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In every period, historians have endeavored to write “universal histories”. It becomes increasingly obvious that the great history endeavor is not all that original. The most well-known attempt of the 20th century is perhaps H. G. Wells’ Outline of History, which was released shortly after World War I. Wells was horrified by what was occurring during World War I, which inspired him to write the novel. When he examined the historians, he discovered that rather than aiding humanity in averting such crises in the future, each of them provided a form of tribal myth that promoted tribalism and violence.

Could a larger narrative be found that would promote a feeling of human unity? H. G. Wells was searching for that. His theory was that if you tried to write a unified history that included human history in bigger histories, you’d find a bigger story.

Science and big history: world history

Regrettably, a lot of the science that makes large history possible now, including all the dating techniques that allow us now to put absolute dates on events in the remote past, wasn’t accessible when he wrote. Since his time, huge history has been conceivable in a way it was not before, because of a complete sequence of scientific advancements in the middle of the 20th century.

Strangely, “universal histories” have fallen out of favor in recent years despite the fact that they are now feasible in a way they weren’t before. About all of the emphasis in modern education is placed on specialized knowledge. For instance, the majority of history research and teaching focuses on the last 2,000 years, primarily the previous 300 or 400 years.

Seldom do biologists, geologists, or astronomers collaborate closely with historians, leading to a disjointed understanding of reality. This is what we appear to be teaching in the majority of our schools and universities: an uncoherent image of reality where you learn a little bit of chemistry, a little bit of history, a little bit of this, a little bit of that.

Something of everything

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The modern world’s disjointed understanding of reality is deeply disappointing. In a book about the beginnings of life that a physicist authored in 1944, the issue and its resolution are very well described. Erwin Schrödinger, who lived from 1887 to 1961, was the physicist. After delivering a number of talks on the subject in Dublin in 1943, he produced a book about the beginnings of life.

Schrödinger was well aware that while being a pioneer of quantum physics and a scientist, he was not competent to write a book about life. Yet, he asserted that a shared knowledge of reality was essential and that to achieve it, academics needed to be willing to work across disciplines.

Big history aims to fill the void left by Schrödinger’s need for a more comprehensive explanation of reality. Please keep in mind that this is just one effort at telling the tale. We may envision a wide range of future strategies with various accents. We can envision versions made by geologists, astronomers, and biologists. They might both present the same basic story, but they will differ in key ways.

Bonus for you: best world history books

THE SILK ROADS: A NEW HISTORY OF THE WORLD BY PETER FRANKOPAN

The Silk Roads, which connected nations in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and all the way to China. These were an essential component of trade between the East and the West. It was extremely significant because along the road. Not only were products traded, but also ideas that helped spread Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. This book explores how these places came to be as they are today by tracing the history of the nations. That make up the Road and focusing our attention more on the East. These regions served as the nexus of civilization and contributed to history in a way that is frequently overlooked in favour of a more Eurocentric perspective.

SALT: A WORLD HISTORY BY MARK KURLANSKY

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The sheer quantity of proverbs that are based on the idea of salt.  That shows how important salt has been throughout human history. It is a basic requirement for food and essential to human health. It is also a part of many folktales and belief systems. Here, Matt Kurlansky explores salt’s role in human history. Including the conflicts fought over it, its use as money, the laws enacted during colonialism. And how its role in food preservation made salt essential to human life. But, in other circumstances, such as with the Egyptians, it was also helpful in keeping bodies preserved. And for the more daring among us. There are some old recipes that focused on the usage of salt.

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History

The worst calamities that history witnessed

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The worst calamities that history witnessed

Since the dawn of civilization, worst calamities have been a part of life on Earth, but the death tolls from the oldest of these worst calamities have been lost to history. According to a 2020 study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, the Minoan civilization was completely wiped out around 1600 B.C. on the ancient Mediterranean island of Thera (currently Santorini, Greece). But precisely how many people perished? The answer is unknown.

ALEPPO EARTHQUAKE: worst calamities

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On October 11, 1138, tremors started to be felt beneath the Syrian city of Aleppo. The city is vulnerable to temblors because it is at the meeting point of the African and Arabian plates, but this one was exceptionally destructive. Although the exact size of the earthquake is lost to history, chroniclers of the time noted that Aleppo’s citadel and many of the city’s homes collapsed. According to a 2004 paper in the journal Annals of Geophysics, the historian who reported the death toll may have confused the Aleppo earthquake with one that occurred in what is now the modern-day Eurasian nation of Georgia. The death toll is estimated to be around 230,000, but that number comes from the 15th century.

INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

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A devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 that occurred off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 26, 2004, is tied for tenth place. Almost 230,000 people were murdered and nearly 2 million people were affected by the earthquake’s enormous tsunami, which hit 14 South Asian and East African nations. Residents had little time to flee to higher ground since the tsunami, which could reach land at up to 500 mph (804 kph), arrived only 15 to 20 minutes after the earthquake.

A humanitarian aid organization called World Vision claims that the tsunami wave was over 100 feet (30 meters) high in several areas, particularly in Indonesia, which was most severely affected.

TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE: worst calamities

The Chinese city of Tangshan was destroyed by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 at 3:42 in the morning on July 28, 1976, according to a report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Almost 240,000 people lost their lives at Tangshan, an industrial city with a population of about 1 million at the time of the accident. Although this was the reported death toll, some experts believe that it is significantly understated and that the actual number of fatalities was probably closer to 700,000. According to reports, 85% of Tangshan’s buildings fell, and tremors could be felt more than 100 miles (180 km) away in Beijing, China. It took several years for Tangshan to be reconstructed to its former splendour.

HAIYUAN EARTHQUAKE

On December 16, 1920, an earthquake that struck Haiyuan County in north-central China also shook the nearby provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi. On the Richter scale, it was allegedly a 7.8, although China now says it was an 8.5. Also, there are differences in the number of fatalities. According to a 2010 study by Chinese seismologists, the death toll may have reached as high as 273,400. The USGS estimated that there were 200,000 overall victims. According to a 2020 study published in the journal Landslides, the region’s heavy concentrations of loess soils (a porous, silty material that is particularly unstable) caused major landslides that were responsible for almost 30,000 of these deaths.

CORINGA CYCLONE: worst calamities

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According to the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, the Coringa cyclone made landfall at the port city of Coringa on India’s Bay of Bengal on November 25, 1839, whipping up a storm surge of 40 feet (12 m). The hurricane’s category and wind speed are unknown, as is the case with many storms that occurred before the 20th century. Together with the estimated 300,000 lives lost, about 20,000 ships and boats were sunk.

HAITI EARTHQUAKE

One of the three deadliest earthquakes in recorded history was the horrific magnitude 7.0 earthquake that rocked Haiti on January 12, 2010, just northwest of Port-au-Prince.

Since Haiti is one of the most impoverished nations in the Western Hemisphere and has only seen a few significant earthquakes. It is particularly vulnerable to damage and casualties. Three million individuals may have been impacted by the earthquake. Estimates of the death toll varied widely. Initially, the Haitian government put the number of dead at 230,000, but in January 2011, they increased it to 316,000. Over 160,000 deaths were reported in a 2010 study that was published in the journal Medicine, Conflict and Survival; however, the USGS reported even lower figures, around 100,000.

BHOLA CYCLONE

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On November 12–13, 1970, this tropical cyclone made landfall in East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh. The storm’s maximum sustained winds. According to NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division were 130 mph (205 kph). Which is the equivalent of a Category 4 major hurricane according to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale. A storm surge measuring 35 feet (10.6 meters) poured over the low-lying islands. Lining the Gulf of Bengal before it made landfall, resulting in extensive flooding.

And the failure to evacuate. The difficulty of precisely determining the death toll. SHAANXI EARTHQUAKE: worst calamities

According to the Science Museums of China, the quake, known as the “Jiajing Great Earthquake”. After the emperor whose reign it happened in, destroyed a 621-square-mile (1,000-square-kilometer) portion of the nation. As the yaodong, or cave dwellings dug into the region’s loess plateaus. Which fell, an estimated 830,000 people perished.  But, geophysicists of the present day estimate it to have been approximately magnitude 8.

YELLOW RIVER FLOOD: worst calamities

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Due to a number of dikes constructed to control the river as it flowed through farmland in central China. The Yellow River (Huang He) in that country. These dikes had become progressively more silted over time. Raising the river’s elevation. According to the “Encyclopaedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies”. When the river swelled in September 1887 due to severe rains. It overflowed these dikes and flooded 5,000 square miles (12,949 square km). Of the nearby low-lying area (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008).

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History

History: how to get good in the subject

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History: how to get good in the subject

One of the disciplines that the majority of students find dull is history. However occasionally it is a subject that must be studied, thus students must do their best to do so. While some students are not interested in studying history, many students who are good at their studies nevertheless struggle with learning history. History is a broad subject, and as we all know, it is full of names, locations, and dates. It is also difficult to memorize everything at once. Yet, different resources and study techniques are needed for every subject.

Learning about history can be incredibly fascinating and enjoyable. This tutorial is intended for you if you’re interested in learning how to learn history in enjoyable ways.

History won’t be a headache for you any longer if you approach it with the appropriate methods and advice. It teaches us how these changes are made and how the society in which we live came to be, making history a very significant subject. History focuses on how the past influenced the present, the future, and so forth. Understanding the roots of our cultures via history fosters a greater understanding of other civilizations. Together with numerous other factors.

A person who excels in studying history can significantly improve today’s way of life. Because he considers the past before discussing and enhancing the present. Students that study history typically have a focus in mind, whether it be military history, art history, education history, ancient history, or any other branch of history. It becomes challenging to recall all of these focuses at once because each one contains many important facts, such as years, names, and locations. There are certain useful tricks and tactics that might help you retain the information with ease in order to memorize all of these. Check out the below advice and methods as we examine them.

Become an expert in history

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You may not enjoy studying a subject at times if it is not in your area of expertise or interest. So, it’s crucial that you enjoy history before beginning to learn or study it. There are only a few pointers and tricks to remember before adding it to your domain. Knowing your objective is most important.

Be ready to understand dates

If you don’t enjoy recalling dates, please excuse me, but you might have some trouble doing your best in a history exam. Keep scrolling to learn how to memorize dates even better.

Do not be biased: learn history

We begin to get biased towards something when it becomes our favorite subject or topic. Simply avoid doing that. That hurts how well you perform. In order to make our point obvious, let’s use the example of someone who enjoys learning about historical structures rather than the owners of those structures. In this case, you would only have access to half the information. Have an open mind and try to learn everything.

Manage your time

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Time is required to excel in any topic. When studying a subject like history, more time is needed than usual. Use time management techniques such as dividing your subject into subsidiaries and those subsidiaries into quarter-subsidiaries before allocating a time period to each topic.

Practice, quizzes and tests: learn history

The secret is to practice. You will be able to learn history more effectively the more quizzes and assessments you take. When you are putting time and effort into perfecting something, you steal the show. You can use quizzes to study history as well as to learn about the format of the test or the potential difficulty of the questions.

Know what to do: learn history

A mind map is created when your thoughts are spoken ejected. Mind map is the only sure-fire method for learning history. A mind map does a wonder that might none instrument could ever do. Create a mind map to win the contest.

Explore before and after 19th century

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Every coin has two sides, just like the history of the period prior to and following the 19th century. History before the 19th century was entirely different, and history after the 19th century was the exact reverse. And a good student of history is aware of both sides of the narrative, not just one. Also, certain historical events had connections even if they took place in separate centuries, so how could you become an expert in history if you didn’t study the whole thing?

Conceptualize with visuals: learn history

You may occasionally read about an event yet be unable to identify it from a picture. Alas! Such an enormous let-down. because a student of history must be familiar with everything. Learning is made even more fascinating and thrilling by visual examples. You can be highly confident about your views and occurrences. Isn’t that wonderful?

Highlight important details

Mark all the significant dates and events with a brilliant yellow highlighter, a burst of pink, or an intense orange. As you come across each significant detail, mark it with a color and make a note of it. When you are finally getting ready for boards, this will help.

Footnotes and dog-eared pages: learn history

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Your text should have annotations and footnotes, and the relevant pages should be dog-eared. You can also create a dog-ear by folding the corner of essential pages or writing a summary of the chapter in bullet form on a flashcard.

They improve memory and make learning simple. You’ll be able to complete modifications more quickly if you do this first.

Build timeline to connect

The history textbook is replete with dates and events in every chapter. They become difficult to remember. Make a cumulative chronology of all the events that have occurred rather than learning about each one separately. Drawing connections to textual passages helps to emphasize a point and provide a summary.

Visual cues: learn history

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It is simpler to remember things when they are connected to visual signals. Make use of visual signals rather than rote learning. Such visual mnemonics promote memory and foster longer-lasting associations with information. Your brain makes more connections with the cues’ content and memorizes information more quickly.

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